本文選題：情景喜劇 + 合作原則��； 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：幽默研究的第一次記錄可以追溯到柏拉圖和亞里士多德時(shí)代。隨著研究的發(fā)展,幽默從各個(gè)角度提供了一套綜合性的描述,包括人類學(xué),社會(huì)學(xué),美學(xué),文學(xué),心理學(xué),語言學(xué)等等。西方學(xué)者研究幽默以心理學(xué)角度為基礎(chǔ),從三個(gè)關(guān)鍵的傳統(tǒng)理論層面分析,分別是乖訛論,優(yōu)越論和釋放論。這三大幽默理論為研究幽默產(chǎn)生的心理機(jī)制提供了很好的理論支持。隨著語言學(xué)的興起,為研究幽默提供了更大的空間。語言學(xué)家研究幽默基本也從三個(gè)方面,分別是腳本論(Raskin),普通言語幽默理論(Raskin and Attardo)和以觀眾為中心的言語理論。隨著時(shí)間推移,越來越多的學(xué)者致力于從語用學(xué)角度研究言語幽默,大量的數(shù)據(jù)表明,應(yīng)用語言學(xué)中的許多理論都可以分析話語中幽默現(xiàn)象,因受到語用學(xué)中格萊斯合作原則的啟發(fā),本文將以合作原則為理論框架,以美國情景劇為腳本,來揭示幽默產(chǎn)生的原因。在這篇論文中將要討論兩個(gè)問題:問題一:在情景劇中違反合作原則能達(dá)到怎樣的言語幽默效果?問題二:在違反合作原則產(chǎn)生的幽默中,其準(zhǔn)則的使用頻率如何?合作原則理論是格賴斯在他五十多歲時(shí)第一次設(shè)計(jì)出來,但在1967年威廉·詹姆斯在哈弗大學(xué)的演講中被首次提出,此后才被公眾所廣泛熟知。合作原則為學(xué)者研究應(yīng)用語言學(xué)開啟一條新的道路,也為人際交流提供了新鮮的想法,之后變成了重要的研究議題。依據(jù)格賴斯提出的基本理論和規(guī)則,在說話者和聽話者之間存在緊密的聯(lián)系,這一點(diǎn)意在確保成功的和令人喜悅的口語交流。并且,他提出在日常交談中,參與者之間是互相合作的。他們不遺余力地確保一段對話流暢地進(jìn)行,而且遵守一套特殊的準(zhǔn)則,為的是使彼此更好地理解對方。格賴斯提出的合作原則可以分為幾條準(zhǔn)則和一些次則,包括“數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則”,“質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則”,“關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則”,“方式準(zhǔn)則”。在理想條件下,人們應(yīng)該遵守這些準(zhǔn)則來完成對話。但是,合作原則及其次則通常被打破,這就會(huì)產(chǎn)生額外的含義,被稱為“會(huì)話含義”。因此,本文應(yīng)用經(jīng)典語用理論----合作原則作為論文的理論框架來研究言語幽默。情景喜劇是喜劇的一種表演形式,首先在廣播上播出,之后呈現(xiàn)于電視屏幕上。在很多國家,情景喜劇是最流行的電視節(jié)目之一,在老人和年輕人中都備受追捧。人們熱衷于情景喜劇不僅是為了歡笑,同樣也是想要探究美國人的思維模式,與此同時(shí)更好的理解外國文化。本文語料全部節(jié)選于美國著名情節(jié)喜劇《好漢兩個(gè)半》,當(dāng)它第一次進(jìn)入觀眾的視野,就獲得了很高的收視率。因此,本文的研究是以《好漢兩個(gè)半》為文本語料的一個(gè)實(shí)證性研究。本文運(yùn)用定量研究和定性研究相結(jié)合使用的方式。定量研究用來收集數(shù)據(jù),并且計(jì)算出違反合作原則中,各個(gè)準(zhǔn)則占有量的百分比。定性研究也用于依據(jù)合作原則及其次則收集語料,當(dāng)所有的例子以違反合作原則為基礎(chǔ)被選擇之后,文中將會(huì)逐一地解釋幽默效果是如何通過違反每一準(zhǔn)則產(chǎn)生的。最后,本文精心挑選出具有代表性的例子并利用合作原則進(jìn)行語料分析。本文希望通過這種方式,讓觀眾們對幽默有進(jìn)一步的理解。在大量的語料收集和研究過后,本文得出以下結(jié)論:美國情景喜劇生動(dòng)地解釋了言語幽默,它展示了違反合作原則所創(chuàng)造出的幽默效果,并且產(chǎn)生的會(huì)話含義。違反合作原則是產(chǎn)生言語幽默的主要因素,二者相互依賴,密不可分。最后,依據(jù)選擇出來的語料,本文發(fā)現(xiàn)質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則違反的最多,共375次占總比率的36.06%;方式原則違反的最少,共155次占總比率的14.90%。有時(shí),表演者會(huì)同時(shí)在使用中違反多項(xiàng)準(zhǔn)則。在本文的最后一章,總結(jié)了一些主要發(fā)現(xiàn),同時(shí)將情景劇應(yīng)用在英語教學(xué)當(dāng)中。本文認(rèn)為美國情景喜劇來源于生活,目的在于依據(jù)獨(dú)特的編排和場景設(shè)計(jì)制造出大量的搞笑劇本,是在語言,文化,社會(huì)習(xí)俗,價(jià)值觀方面具有創(chuàng)造性的形式,也為學(xué)習(xí)者和研究者提供了生動(dòng)及全面的材料,因?yàn)樗⒘艘粋�(gè)真實(shí)的語言環(huán)境。此外,經(jīng)典的對白,搞笑的情節(jié)和輕松的氣氛可以很好的幫助英語學(xué)習(xí)者去練習(xí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的語音。老師的目的在于依據(jù)情景喜劇中的對話使學(xué)生們提高語言能力,增加詞匯量,培養(yǎng)理解美國文化的能力,以及了解西方人對生活的價(jià)值觀等等,可以說賞析情景劇是一種很好的實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)目標(biāo)的方式。在把情景劇應(yīng)用在英語教學(xué)的過程中,擺脫了長時(shí)間沉默學(xué)英語和啞巴英語的模式,其中輕松幽默的對話可以使學(xué)生們身臨其境,進(jìn)而很容易地主觀模仿表演者的對話,學(xué)生們聽力和口語的技能將會(huì)被提高。因此,分析情景劇中言語幽默是學(xué)生們掌握英語很好的途徑,在英語教學(xué)中,老師可以利用情節(jié)片段中的對話作為口語,聽力,和閱讀的材料,將同學(xué)們帶進(jìn)一個(gè)輕松的氛圍,在愉快中學(xué)習(xí),讓學(xué)生們反復(fù)練習(xí),達(dá)到真正理解的目的,進(jìn)而可以自然地應(yīng)用在日�？谡Z交流中。
[Abstract]:The first record of humor can be traced back to the age of Platon and Aristotle. With the development of the study, humor provides a comprehensive set of descriptions from various angles, including anthropology, sociology, aesthetics, literature, psychology, linguistics and so on. Western scholars study humor based on the psychological angle, from three key traditions. Theoretical analysis is the theory of incongruity, superiority and release. These three humorous theories provide a good theoretical support for the study of the psychological mechanism of humor. With the rise of linguistics, it provides a greater space for the study of humor. Linguists have studied humor in three aspects, namely, scripting theory (Raskin), and common words. Raskin and Attardo and the audience centered theory of speech. With the passage of time, more and more scholars are devoted to the study of verbal humor from the perspective of pragmatics. A large number of data show that many theories in applied linguistics can analyze the humorous phenomena in discourse, and are inspired by the principle of Grice cooperation in pragmatics. This paper will take the cooperative principle as the theoretical framework and take the American sitcom as a script to reveal the cause of humor. In this paper, we will discuss two questions: Question 1: what is the verbal humor effect that violates the principle of cooperation in a sitcom? Question two: the frequency of its use in the humor in violation of the principle of cooperation What is the rate? The theory of cooperative principles was first designed by Grays at the age of more than 50, but it was first proposed by William James at Harvard's speech in 1967. The principle of cooperation has been widely known by the public. The principle of cooperation opens a new way for scholars to study applied linguistics and provides new ideas for interpersonal communication. In the light of the basic theories and rules put forward by Grays, there is a close connection between the speaker and the hearer, which is intended to ensure a successful and joyful oral communication. And he suggests that in everyday conversation, the participants are cooperating with each other. They spare no effort to ensure a paragraph. Dialogue flows smoothly and adheres to a set of special rules to make each other better understand each other. The principles of cooperation put forward by Grice can be divided into several criteria and several times, including "quantitative criteria", "quality criteria", "relationship criteria", "mode criteria". Under ideal conditions, people should abide by these guidelines. To complete the dialogue. However, the principle of cooperation and its times are usually broken, which produces extra meaning, which is called "conversational implicature". Therefore, this article applies the classical pragmatic theory - the principle of cooperation as the theoretical framework of the paper to study verbal humor. On TV screens. In many countries, sitcoms are one of the most popular TV programs, both in old and young people. People are keen on sitcoms not only to laugh, but also to explore American thinking patterns and understand foreign cultures at the same time. The text of this article is all selected in the United States. The famous plot comedy "man 2.5", when it first enters the audience's view, gets a very high ratings. Therefore, this study is an empirical study of the text of the "hero 2.5". This paper uses the formula of quantitative research and qualitative research. Quantitative research is used to collect data and calculate the data. In violation of the principle of cooperation, the percentage of the occupancy of each criterion. The qualitative study is also used in accordance with the principle of cooperation and the collection of the corpus. When all examples are chosen on the basis of violation of the principle of cooperation, the article will explain how the humor effect is produced by violation of each criterion one by one. Finally, the article is carefully selected and issued. In this way, it is hoped that the audience will have a further understanding of humor in this way. After a large amount of data collection and research, this article draws the following conclusions: American sitcom is a vivid explanation of verbal humor, which shows the specties created in violation of the principle of cooperation. The two ones are interdependent and inseparable. Finally, according to the selected corpus, this article finds that the quality standards are most violated, 375 times a total of 36.06% of the total ratio, and the method originally violates the least, and a total of 155 times the total ratio of 14.90%. sometimes, In the last chapter of this article, the author sums up some of the main findings and applies the sitcom to English teaching. This article holds that the American sitcom comes from life. The purpose is to create a large number of funny scripts based on the unique arrangement and scene design, which is in language, culture and society. Custom, a creative form of value, and a vivid and comprehensive material for learners and researchers, because it establishes a real language environment. In addition, the classical dialogue, the funny plot and the relaxed atmosphere can help English learners to practice the standard pronunciation. The purpose of the teacher is to base on the purpose of the teacher. Dialogue in sitcom makes students improve their language ability, increase vocabulary, cultivate the ability to understand American culture, and understand the values of Westerners to life. It can be said that the appreciation of sitcom is a good way to achieve this goal. In the process of applying the sitcom to English teaching, it has been free of a long silence. The model of learning English and dumb English, in which the easy and humorous dialogue can make the students live, and then it is easy to imitate the dialogues of the performers, and the students' listening and speaking skills will be improved. Therefore, the analysis of verbal humor in the scene is a good way for students to master English. In English teaching, the teacher can Use the dialogues in the episodes as spoken, listening, and reading materials to bring the students into a relaxed atmosphere, learn in a pleasant way, let the students practise repeatedly, achieve the true understanding, and then naturally apply to daily oral communication.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：H313

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