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海德格爾存在主義哲學(xué)視角下的《馬爾特手記》中死亡母題研究

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2018-10-17 07:56
【摘要】:本論文嘗試從海德格爾存在主義哲學(xué)視角出發(fā),分析奧地利詩人里爾克創(chuàng)作于20世紀(jì)初的長(zhǎng)篇小說《馬爾特·布里茨·布里格手記》(1902-1910)!恫祭锔袷钟洝肥窃娙宋ㄒ坏囊徊块L(zhǎng)篇小說,也被譽(yù)為是現(xiàn)代存在主義最重要的先驅(qū)作品之一。小說敘述了一個(gè)出生于沒落貴族、性情孤僻敏感的丹麥青年詩人的回憶和自白。作品由七十一個(gè)沒有連續(xù)情節(jié)、不講時(shí)間順序的筆記體斷片構(gòu)成,以第一人稱口吻,分別講述了巴黎生活的場(chǎng)景、對(duì)童年生活的回憶、閱讀及觀賞藝術(shù)品的經(jīng)歷和收獲三大部分。有關(guān)死亡以及對(duì)死亡恐懼的意向是貫穿全文的主線。 死亡概念是構(gòu)成海德格爾基礎(chǔ)本體論的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵概念。海德格爾所謂“向死而生”的具體結(jié)構(gòu),指的不是從生理、心理和經(jīng)驗(yàn)上解釋人的死亡結(jié)構(gòu),而是解釋死的本體論意義,即分析死對(duì)領(lǐng)會(huì)生(此在的存在)的作用。存在主義哲學(xué)意義上的“存在”是成為自己。它是在剝除了一切日常生活的具體內(nèi)容之后留存下來的人的內(nèi)心的真實(shí),是人不依賴于外界的中心,是人的存在的核心和基礎(chǔ)。所謂“向死而生”正是把死看作是此在的最本己的、無涉的、不可超越和不確定的可能性。對(duì)死的領(lǐng)會(huì)使此在從沉淪和異化狀態(tài)中醒悟過來,既不執(zhí)著于過去已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了的可能性,又不懦弱地逃避死亡,而是積極地自我籌劃、自我設(shè)計(jì),以便獲得最好的自我實(shí)現(xiàn)。本真的死是一種時(shí)間上不確定的可能性,因這種威脅而產(chǎn)生的情緒是畏。此在領(lǐng)會(huì)本己能在的過程也是畏的過程。向死而生只有在畏中才能充分地展現(xiàn)出來,而最大的畏就是直面死亡的畏,即畏死。此在只有在畏死的情緒中才能超脫沉淪的境況,領(lǐng)會(huì)到自己本真的存在。在海德格爾的理論中,,恐懼也有其積極意義,使人反思真正的自我存在的可能性。 從死亡這一話題出發(fā),本論文在文本層面上分析了主人公如何從變幻的世界中實(shí)現(xiàn)本真的存在。具體而言,對(duì)于置身于異國的馬爾特來說,大都市中充斥著死亡,這也勾起了他對(duì)童年年已經(jīng)失去的親人狀況的回憶。這些經(jīng)歷讓馬爾特產(chǎn)生了自己對(duì)于死亡的領(lǐng)會(huì):死亡的無涉性、不可超越性;生與死的統(tǒng)一性;在現(xiàn)代社會(huì),人們很難擁有“自己的死”。對(duì)死亡的領(lǐng)會(huì)并不能消除馬爾特對(duì)死亡的恐懼。主人公的恐懼從童年時(shí)期就由來已久,看似是臆想中的、似乎確定的威脅,實(shí)則是對(duì)生存的恐懼。幼時(shí),母親可以幫助他擺脫恐懼。而如今,馬爾特決定自己采取行動(dòng)消除恐懼,他潛心從事文學(xué)創(chuàng)作與藝術(shù)觀察,學(xué)會(huì)做愛的初學(xué)者,以積極的生活態(tài)度在有限的生命中尋求永恒性,努力做到向死而生,實(shí)現(xiàn)最本己的存在。
[Abstract]:From the perspective of Heidegger's existential philosophy, this thesis attempts to analyze the novel Mart Brits Brig by the Austrian poet Rilke in the early 20th century (1902-1910). It is also regarded as one of the most important pioneer works of modern existentialism. The novel recounts the memories and confessions of a young Danish poet born in a declining aristocrat and sensitive to eccentricity. The works are composed of 71 fragments of notes that have no continuous plot and do not speak in chronological order. In the tone of the first person, they describe the scenes of life in Paris and the memories of their childhood. Reading and viewing works of art experience and harvest three parts. The intention of death and fear of death is the main line throughout the paper. The concept of death is a key concept that constitutes Heidegger's basic ontology. Heidegger's specific structure of "living toward death" refers not to the physiological, psychological and empirical explanation of the structure of human death, but to the ontological significance of death, that is, the analysis of the role of death in understanding the existence of life. Existentialism in the philosophical sense of "existence" is to become themselves. It is the core and foundation of human being's existence, which is not dependent on the outside world. The so-called "to die and live" is the most original, independent, insurmountable and uncertain possibility of death as such. The understanding of death makes this disillusionment from the state of decline and alienation, neither clinging to the possibility that has been realized in the past, nor running away from death in a cowardly way, but actively planning and designing itself in order to achieve the best self-realization. True death is a possibility of uncertainty over time, and the emotions generated by this threat are daunting. This is a process of understanding what one can be. To die can only be fully manifested in the fear, and the greatest fear is to face the fear of death, that is, fear of death. This only in fear of death in the mood can transcend the situation, understand their true existence. In Heidegger's theory, fear also has its positive significance, making people reflect on the possibility of true self existence. Starting from the topic of death, this thesis analyzes how the protagonist realizes the real existence from the changing world. In particular, for Mart, who is in a foreign country, the metropolis is awash with death, reminiscent of his childhood loss of loved ones. These experiences gave Mart his own understanding of death: the impenetrability of death, the unity of life and death, and the difficulty of owning one's own death in modern society. Understanding death does not dispel Mart's fear of death. The protagonist's fear has existed for a long time since childhood. When he was young, his mother could help him out of fear. Now Mart has decided to take action to remove his fears. He is committed to literary creation and art observation, to beginners who learn to have sex, to seek permanence in a limited life with a positive attitude, and to strive to live towards death. To achieve the most self-centered existence.
【學(xué)位授予單位】:四川外國語大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】:碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2013
【分類號(hào)】:I521.074

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