本文選題：《史記》 + 連詞系統(tǒng)　； 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：連詞是連接兩個或兩個以上詞、詞組、分句、句子、句群的虛詞。連詞只有連接作用，表示特定的句法關(guān)系和邏輯關(guān)系，不能成為句子成分或句子成分中實質(zhì)性結(jié)構(gòu)部分。西漢是上古漢語向中古漢語過渡的一個時期，也是語言演變比較顯著的一個時期。《史記》作為成熟的書面語著作，在一定程度上能夠反映西漢時期的語言特色，其中使用了大量連詞，這些連詞，有些是對先秦連詞的繼承，有些是《史記》中新產(chǎn)生的，如復(fù)音遞進(jìn)連詞“且又”、“況乃”、“而況乎”，復(fù)音假設(shè)連詞“誠使”、“誠令”等，對研究西漢以及先秦的語言具有較大的價值。研究《史記》中的連詞不僅對上古漢語斷代研究有重要的意義，對漢語史研究也在一定程度上起著積極的作用。 本文以《史記》為研究對象，作為主要的語料來源，并加以少量的先秦漢語、中古漢語等文獻(xiàn)資料。以并列、順承、選擇、遞進(jìn)、假設(shè)、讓步、轉(zhuǎn)折、原因、結(jié)果、目的、修飾、提起12類連詞為具體切入點，在定量考察、定性分析的基礎(chǔ)上，對連詞的語法特點進(jìn)行總體概述和描寫，對《史記》中的全部連詞作窮盡性的研究。并且以此為基礎(chǔ)，對連詞進(jìn)行歷時考察，將共時描寫與歷時分析相結(jié)合，總結(jié)相關(guān)連詞的語法化過程，并對連詞演變的機(jī)制和規(guī)律進(jìn)行初步的歸納。 本文首次比較全面地對《史記》中的連詞進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)，探討連詞語法化過程和動因。經(jīng)過考察發(fā)現(xiàn)，虛化是連詞的主要來源，如“與”、“及”、“而”等，除此之外，同義連用、同音假借也是連詞的重要來源。 本文共分為14個部分： 第1章，緒論，歸納前輩時賢對連詞定義的側(cè)重點和分類的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，確定在本文中連詞的定義及分類。討論連詞與介詞、副詞的界定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。歸納《史記》的語料價值及相關(guān)研究成果。確定本文的研究目的、范圍、理論依據(jù)和研究方法。對《史記》中出現(xiàn)的連詞進(jìn)行分類列表。 第2章，并列連詞，總結(jié)并列連詞研究的基本情況，描寫《史記》并列連詞的基本面貌，“與”、“及”、“而”、“以”、“且”、“有”、“若”是主要的幾個并列連詞，出現(xiàn)頻率較高，“惟”并列連詞用法1例，“暨”并列連詞用法1例，“侇”并列連詞用法1例，“則”并列連詞用法2例，“如”并列連詞用法2例�！坝帧弊鳛椴⒘羞B詞，與“既“配合，組成”既……又……“的格式，“維”用作并列連詞，由“非”、“既”組成的“非……維……”、“既……維……”格式，“亦”組成“亦……亦……”格式表示并列。分析了主要的幾個并列連詞的語法化過程。 第3章，順承連詞，總結(jié)順承連詞研究的基本情況。《史記》中出現(xiàn)的順承連詞有29個，主要的有“而”、“以”、“若”、“如”、“則”、“而后”、“于是”、“遂”、“乃”、“乃遂”、“故”、“因”、“因而”、“然后”、“以至”、“以至于”、“已而”、“即”、“然則”，總結(jié)“于是”的語法化過程。 第4章，選擇連詞，《史記》中出現(xiàn)的選擇連詞主要有“或”、“若”、“如”，“意者”用作選擇連詞出現(xiàn)1例、“且”作為選擇連詞出現(xiàn)1例、“將”作為選擇連詞出現(xiàn)1例、“與”用作選擇連詞出現(xiàn)2例。“或”組成“或……或……”的格式表示選擇，“寧”組成“寧……不……”、“寧……無……”、“與……寧……”、“寧……安……”等格式表示選擇關(guān)系，此外還有“與……寧……”、“與其……寧……”、“與其……不如……”、“與其……豈若……”等形式�？偨Y(jié)了“與其”作為選擇連詞產(chǎn)生的原因。“X與不X”格式，通過“與”前后項相反互補(bǔ)關(guān)系表示選擇其一；“則”用作選擇連詞，組成“非（不）……則……”格式，表示“不是……就是……”的意義。 第5章，遞進(jìn)連詞，總結(jié)遞進(jìn)連詞研究的基本情況�！妒酚洝分械倪f進(jìn)連詞，比較常見的有“而”、“況”、“且”等，“而”、“況”、“且”又與其它成分凝固成為雙音或三音遞進(jìn)連詞，形成“而”類遞進(jìn)連詞、“況”類遞進(jìn)連詞、“且”類遞進(jìn)連詞。 第6章，假設(shè)連詞，，歸納研究假設(shè)連詞的相關(guān)論文。《史記》中主要的假設(shè)連詞有“若”、“若……則……”、“如”、“有如”、“如有”、“如其”、“茍”、“即”、“誠”、“誠使”、“誠令”、“使”、“借（藉）使”、“向（鄉(xiāng)）使”、“假使”、“設(shè)”、“假令”、“果”、“向令”、“弟令”、“如令”、“厥”、“若使”、“尚”、“忽然”。對比《史記》中的復(fù)音假設(shè)連詞與中古時期出現(xiàn)的假設(shè)連詞的數(shù)量情況。 第7章，讓步連詞，歸納讓步連詞研究的相關(guān)論文�！妒酚洝分惺褂玫淖尣竭B詞主要有“縱”、“即”、“雖”、“猶”、“尚猶”等�？傮w看來，《史記》中的讓步連詞使用量不大。 第8章，轉(zhuǎn)折連詞，回顧轉(zhuǎn)折連詞研究的相關(guān)論文�！妒酚洝分械霓D(zhuǎn)折連詞有“而”、“乃”、“然”、“然而”、“則”、“即”、“顧弟”。分析復(fù)音轉(zhuǎn)折連詞“然而”的演變過程。 第9章，原因連詞，總結(jié)原因連詞研究的基本成果�！妒酚洝分性蜻B詞有“以”、“為”、“則”、“由”。將《史記》原因連詞與西漢其它文獻(xiàn)作對比，得出“以”是此期最主要的原因連詞的結(jié)論。 第10章，結(jié)果連詞，總結(jié)結(jié)果連詞研究的基本情況。《史記》中主要的結(jié)果連詞有“而”、“則”、“以”、“是以”、“以故”、“以此”、“所以”、“故”、“是故”、“乃”、“用”、“用是”、“因”、“因而”、“由是”、“由此”、“是以”、“然則”等�？梢詺w為“以”類、“故”類、“用”類、“因”類、“由”類結(jié)果連詞。 第11章，目的連詞，《史記》中的目的連詞有“以”、“而”、“用”。目的連詞“以”的使用量占有絕對優(yōu)勢。 第12章，修飾連詞，提出修飾連詞的判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。修飾連詞可以分為兩類：一類連接兩個動詞性詞語；一類連接狀語和中心語。主要的修飾連詞是“而”和“以”。 第13章，提起連詞，《史記》中主要的提起連詞有“若”、“且”、“至”，“若”可以構(gòu)成“若夫”、“至若”、“若至”、“若乃”、“及若”等“若”類復(fù)音提起連詞，“且”、“至”聯(lián)合其它成分形成“且”類、“至”類復(fù)音提起連詞。 第14章，結(jié)論，對《史記》連詞系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行分類總結(jié)。 考察《史記》連詞系統(tǒng)，可以得出以下結(jié)論： 1．漢語的連詞系統(tǒng)在西漢時期已經(jīng)基本形成。從先秦到兩漢，并列、順承、選擇、遞進(jìn)、假設(shè)、讓步、轉(zhuǎn)折、原因、結(jié)果、目的、修飾、提起共12類連詞都已產(chǎn)生，這種使用情況一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)代漢語。 2．《史記》連詞系統(tǒng)以單音連詞、復(fù)音連詞共同構(gòu)成。單音連詞凝固為雙音連詞，并由雙音連詞加詞綴構(gòu)成三音連詞�！妒酚洝窂�(fù)音連詞占有一定比例，與單音連詞數(shù)量相當(dāng)。 3．存在連詞兼類現(xiàn)象，有些連詞兼有六七種連接功能。如：“而”可以用作并列、順承、遞進(jìn)、轉(zhuǎn)折、結(jié)果、目的、修飾等類連詞；“以”可以用作并列、順承、原因、結(jié)果、目的、修飾連詞等類連詞；“若”可以用作并列、順承、選擇、假設(shè)、讓步、提起等類連詞；“則”可以用作順承、轉(zhuǎn)折、原因、結(jié)果等類連詞。兼類情況過多，導(dǎo)致理解連詞功能時必須依靠上下文語境。兼類連詞大多是單音連詞，解決連詞兼類問題的辦法，是兼類連詞由單音向雙音或三音擴(kuò)展，通過增加音節(jié)，來區(qū)別功能。 4．有兩例連詞通假現(xiàn)象。受先秦通假現(xiàn)象影響，復(fù)音假設(shè)連詞“鄉(xiāng)使”、“向使”中的“鄉(xiāng)”和“向”、“藉使”“借使”中的“藉”和“借”通假。 5.大多數(shù)連詞類型中都有比較穩(wěn)定的連詞。如并列連詞“與”、“及”、“而”，順承連詞“乃”，選擇連詞“或……或……”，遞進(jìn)連詞“況”，假設(shè)連詞“若”、“即”，讓步連詞“雖”，轉(zhuǎn)折連詞“而”、“然”，結(jié)果連詞“則”，目的連詞“以”等。
[Abstract]:Conjunctions are the function words that connect two or more words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and sentence groups. Conjunctions only connect, express specific syntactic and logical relations, and can not become the substantive structural parts of sentence components or sentence components. The Western Han Dynasty is a period of transition from ancient Chinese to Middle Chinese and Chinese, and it is also a more obvious language evolution. In a period of time, historical records, as a mature written work, can reflect the language characteristics of the Western Han Dynasty to a certain extent, which used a large number of conjunctions, these conjunctions, some of the succession to the pre Qin conjunctions, some of which were newly produced in the historical records, such as "and again" in the conjunctions of the polysyllabic progressive conjunctions, and the conjunctive hypothesis connected with the complex. The word "sincerity" and "sincere order" are of great value to the study of the language of the Western Han Dynasty and the pre Qin period. The study of the conjunctions in the history of history is not only important for the study of the ancient Chinese dynasty, but also plays a positive role in the study of the history of Chinese.
This article, taking "Shi Ji" as the research object, as the main source of language material, and a small number of Pre-Qin Chinese, Chinese ancient Chinese and other documents. It is based on 12 types of conjunctions on the basis of quantitative investigation and qualitative analysis, on the basis of quantitative inspection and qualitative analysis. On the basis of the exhaustive study of all the conjunctions in the "historical records", the point is based on the exhaustive study. The synchronic description and diachronic analysis are combined to summarize the grammaticalization process of the related conjunctions, and the mechanism and rules of the conjunctions evolution are preliminarily summarized.
This paper makes a comprehensive summary of the conjunctions in the historical records for the first time, and discusses the process and motivation of the legalization of even words and phrases. After investigation, it is found that deficiency is the main source of conjunctions, such as "and", "and", "and", in addition to this, synonymy is also an important source of conjunction.
This article is divided into 14 parts:
The first chapter, introduction, summarizes the emphasis on the definition of conjunctions by the predecessors and the standard of classification, defines the definition and classification of conjunctions in this article, discusses the criteria for the definition of conjunctions and prepositions, adverbs, sums up the value of the language and related research results of the historical records, and determines the purpose, scope, theoretical basis and research methods of this article. The present conjunctions are classified.
The second chapter, conjunctive conjunctions, summarizes the basic situation of the study of conjunctive conjunctions, describes the basic features of "Historical Records >" conjunctions, "and", "and", "and", "and", "if", "if" is the main parallel conjunction, the frequency is high, the "only" conjunctions are used in 1 cases, and "cum" conjunctions are used 1 cases, " The conjunctions are used in 1 cases, and "rules" conjunctions are used in 2 cases, "like" conjunctions used in 2 cases. "Again" as a parallel conjunction, and "both" and "both." form, "dimension" is used as conjunctions, "non", "both", "Wei." format, "also" form "." The grammaticalization process of the main conjunctive conjunctions is analyzed.
The third chapter, along with the conjunctions, summarizes the basic situation of the study of the CIS conjunctions. There are 29 following conjunctions in the historical records, mainly "and", "to", "if", "then", "then", "then", "then", "is", "is", "cause", "cause", "then", "then", "even", ",", The grammaticalization process of "so" is summed up by "past", "yes", and "then".
In the fourth chapter, the choice conjunctions are selected as "or", "if", "if", "like", "Yi" is used as the choice conjunction to appear in 1 cases, "and" as the choice conjunctions to appear in 1 cases, "will" as the choice of conjunction 1 cases, "and" used as the choice of conjunction out of the 2 cases. "Or" form "or." format expression selection, "Ning" consists of "Ning.", "Ning.", "Ning Ning", "Ning Anne" and other formats to express the choice relationship, in addition to "and Ning.", "rather than", "rather than it", "and it." and so on. Summed up the "and" as the choice of conjunctions to produce. "X and not X" format, through the "and" front and back term. On the contrary, complementary relationship indicates one choice; "then" is used as a conjunction of choice to form "non (non)".
The fifth chapter, progressive conjunctions, summarizes the basic situation of the study of progressive conjunctions. The progressive conjunctions in the historical records are more common, such as "and", "state", and "and", "and", "and", "and" and other components solidified into two or three progressive conjunctions, forming the "and" progressive conjunctions, "state" class progressive conjunctions, "and" class delivery Conjunctions.
The sixth chapter, hypothetical conjunctions, induction and study of related theses of conjunctions. The main hypothesis conjunctions in the history are "if", "if", "if", "as", "as", "as", "that", "sincerity", "sincerity", "sincerity", "make", "make", "make", "hypothetical", "set up", " The number of the hypothetical conjunctions in the middle ancient times and the hypothetical conjunctions in the historical records and the medieval times are compared.
The seventh chapter, concession conjunctions, summed up the related papers of concession conjunctions. The concession conjunctions used in "historical records" are mainly "longitudinal", "that is", "although", "Judah", "still still".
The eighth chapter, turning conjunctions, reviewing the related papers of the study of the conjunctions. The turning conjunctions in the historical records are "but", "Nai", "however", "however", "that", "Gu Di".
The ninth chapter, the cause conjunction, summarizes the basic results of the study of the causal conjunction. In the historical records, the reasons for the conjunctions are "to", "for", "rules" and "by".
The tenth chapter, the result conjunctions, summarizes the basic situation of the study of conjunctions. The main result conjunctions in the historical records include "and", "to", "to", "to", "so", "so", "so", "is", "is", "use", "use", "cause", "so", "it", "yes", "yes", "Yes" and so on. It can be classified as "Yi", "de", "use", "cause" and "result".
The eleventh chapter is the conjunction of purpose, and the purpose conjunction in Shi Ji has "Yi", "and" and "use".
The twelfth chapter, modifying conjunctions, puts forward the criteria for judging the conjunctions. The modified conjunctions can be divided into two categories: one is connected to two verb words, a class of connective adverbials and central words. The main modifier conjunctions are "and" and "to".
In the thirteenth chapter, the conjunctions are brought up. The main reference conjunctions in the historical records are "if", "and", "to", "if" can form "if", "if", "if", "if", "if" and "if" type compound to bring the conjunctions, "and", "to" joint other components to form "and" class, "to" type compound to bring conjunctions.
The fourteenth chapter, conclusion, classifies and summarizes the system of conjunction.
By examining the system of conjunction in historical records, we can draw the following conclusions:
1. Chinese Conjunctions have been basically formed in the Western Han Dynasty. From the pre-Qin to the Han Dynasty, from the pre-Qin to the Han Dynasty, the combination, the succession, the choice, the progressive, the hypothesis, the concession, the turning, the cause, the result, the purpose, the modification, and the 12 types of conjunctions have all come into being, and this use has been extended to the modern Chinese language.
The 2.< history notes system is composed of single conjunctions and polysyllabic conjunctions. The single conjunctions solidify into double conjunctions and are composed of three conjunctions by double conjunctions and affixes.
3. there are conjunctions and conjunctions, and some conjunctions have six or seven kinds of connection functions. For example, "and" can be used as parallel, progressive, progressive, turning, result, purpose, modification and other conjunctions; "to" can be used as parallel, cause, result, purpose, modifier and other conjunctions; "if" can be used as parallel, choice, hypothesis, concession, It can be used as the conjunctions of class, turning, cause, result and other conjunctions. There are too many kinds of conjunctions, which cause the function of understanding conjunction to rely on context context. Conjunctions are mostly monosyllabic conjunctions, and the solution to conjunctions and conjunctions is the extension of conjunctions from monosyllabic to double or three sounds, and by increasing syllables. Do not function.
4. there are two cases of conjunctions. Influenced by the phenomenon of the pre Qin period, the conjunctive conjunctions "township", "Xiang" and "Xiang" in the "Xiang", "by" "by" "by" "by" "by" and "borrow" in general.
There are more stable conjunctions in most of the types of conjunctions. For example, the conjunctions "and", "and", "and", and the conjunctions "are", choose the conjunctions "or.", the conjunction "state", the conjunctions "if", "that", "although" concession conjunctions "although", "yes", "yes", the result of the conjunction "is", the purpose of the conjunction "to". Wait.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：H141

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