本文選題：俄語 + 交際��； 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2004年碩士論文

【摘要】：引入言語策略與言語技巧概念是為了解決如何達到交際目的的問題，它決定了人們在交際中說些什么和怎么說，，對現(xiàn)實交際有直接的指導(dǎo)作用，因而引起了眾多學(xué)者的廣泛興趣。 一、前言 言語策略和言語技巧是一種動態(tài)的言語現(xiàn)象。本文試圖建立一種描述言語技巧的模式，使之能對具體言語技巧進行描述、分析，從而確立具體言語技巧的特點、成功的條件以及它的主要語言標志等等。 這樣做的目的是為了使人們在作為說話者時，能夠根據(jù)自己的交際目的采用適當?shù)难哉Z技巧，順利完成交際；而在作為受話者時，可以識別對方的言語技巧，領(lǐng)會其真正的交際目的，一方面使交際順利進行，另一方面也使自己可以采用相應(yīng)的對策，為自己的交際目的服務(wù)。 二、建立言語技巧的描述模式 本文分析了交際準則與言語策略、言語行為同言語技巧的關(guān)系，區(qū)分了言語策略、言語技巧、交際步驟的概念，明確了言語策略的功能、言語策略的分類，并闡述了能夠說明言語技巧的6個方面的特點。 根據(jù)這6個特點，我們建立了言語技巧的描述模式： 1) 確定使用某一言語技巧的交際情況； 2) 對說話人和受話人的基本認識； 3) 確定說話人和受話人的交際類型； 4) 實施言語技巧成功的條件； 5) 判斷言語技巧的取效結(jié)果； 6) 主要的交際步驟和語言標志。 三、根據(jù)模式對具體言語技巧的分析 1. 根據(jù)描述模式對勸告技巧的分析 WP=69 1) 交際情況的信息 勸告的目的是達到屈從，由于交際者之間的某些認知預(yù)設(shè)不相吻合，所以交際對方不想實施該行為，對言語行為發(fā)起者的最初反應(yīng)是直接或間接的拒絕。 2) 對話中雙方的地位 勸告中雙方的地位是不對稱的，通常發(fā)起者處于一種弱勢地位。 3) 談話的交際類型 說話者的利益要求要在合作的原則下進行交際。 4) 言語技巧成功的條件 ⑴ 前提條件： ① 說話人預(yù)測到，受話人有能力完成這一行為。 ② 根據(jù)個人意愿，受話人不打算進行這一活動。 ③ 說話人認為，從自己利益的角度上講他應(yīng)當讓受話者實施某一行為。 ⑵ 實質(zhì)條件： ① 說話人試圖促使受話人實施行為。 ② 說話人認為，為了達到目的必須使用一定數(shù)量的論據(jù)。 ⑶ 真誠條件： 說話者認為（或做出樣子），完成動作對于受話人來說是恰當?shù)摹?⑷ 補充條件： 聽話人和說話人之間不應(yīng)該是沖突關(guān)系。如果是沖突關(guān)系，也要采用補充步驟扭轉(zhuǎn)局面。 5) 根據(jù)取效結(jié)果判斷 6）交際步驟及其語言標志 ⑴ 注重說話者和聽話者之間的感情和關(guān)系 WP=70 肯定實施這一步驟的主要句式是： Ты же меня любишь… Сделай это ради меня… Мы же друзья… 否定實施這一步驟的主要句式是： Если бы ты меня любил… Я к тебе со всей душой, а ты… Ты мне друг или кто?… ⑵ 注重對方的品質(zhì) 正面實施這一步驟常見的句式有： Тебе же это сделать — раз плюнуть. [Пойди попроси], ты ведь такой обаятельный. [Обязательно приходи], ты ведь душа компании. [Не уходи], мы без тебя как без рук. 負面實施這一步驟常見的句式有： Не по зубам тебе такое… Ну, ты не мужик, что ли?! Тебе что, рубля жалко? ⑶ 注重利與弊 正面實施這一步驟常用的句式有： Ну ты сам подумай… Тебе ли не знать… 負面實施這一步驟常用的句式有： Тебе видней, но, по-моему, это глупо. Как ты не можешь понять… WP=71 ⑷ 注重權(quán)威 注重權(quán)威，就是指出論證的來源。例如： Даже N считает, что это лучше. Все делают так, а ты что — лучше? 在否定實施這一步驟時，權(quán)威具有消極意義，例如： Если хочешь порадовать N, делай так, как он наметил! 2. 根據(jù)描述模式對侮辱技巧的分析 1) 有關(guān)面臨交際事件的信息 侮辱的交際任務(wù)就是貶低和懷疑對手。它的認知前提是，發(fā)話人對嘲笑客體的認識和假設(shè)的受話人—觀察者的認識不一致，需要一定的調(diào)整。 2) 在交際情景中的地位 鑒于我們使用雜志刊物上的材料研究侮辱技巧，所以我們研究的這些話語的直接受話者是讀者，而間接受話者（被侮辱的人）是第三者。 3) 為聽話者和說話者確定交際類型 侮辱技巧的特點是，旨在與被侮辱者對抗。但是由于侮辱技巧經(jīng)常要考慮到觀察者的存在，所以發(fā)話者必須努力保持形象，以增強說服力。 4）成功的條件 我們研究的只是公開侮辱的情況。 ⑴ 前提條件： ① 說話者對第三者，即對手，進行否定性的評價。 ② 說話者認為，聽話者正面評價這個人或者對該人沒有評價。 ③ 說話者認為，應(yīng)該使聽話者相信，第三者不值得信賴。 ④ 說話者和聽話者都十分明白，展示第三者
[Abstract]:The introduction of the concept of speech strategy and speech technique is to solve the problem of how to achieve the purpose of communication . It determines what people say in the communication and how to say , has a direct guiding role in the real communication , thus arousing the wide interest of many scholars .








I . Foreword








Speech strategies and verbal skills are a dynamic speech phenomenon . This paper attempts to establish a mode of describing speech techniques so that it can describe and analyze specific speech techniques , so as to establish the characteristics of specific speech techniques , the conditions of success and its main linguistic signs and so on .








The purpose of this is to enable people to use appropriate language skills according to their communicative purposes in order to make people communicate smoothly according to their communicative purposes ;
As a recipient , we can identify the other person ' s speech skills , grasp the true communicative purpose , make the communication go on smoothly , on the other hand , make it possible to use the corresponding countermeasures to serve their communicative purposes .








II . Description mode of establishing speech skills








This paper analyzes the relationship between communicative norms and speech strategies , speech acts and verbal skills , distinguishes between speech strategies , verbal skills and communicative steps , clarifies the function of speech strategies , classifies the speech strategies , and expounds the features of six aspects that can illustrate speech techniques .








Based on these six features , we set up a description model of speech skills :








1 ) determining the communication situation using a certain language skill ;









2 ) the basic understanding of the speaker and the receiver ;









3 ) determining the communication type of the speaker and the receiver ;









4 ) the conditions for the success of the verbal skills ;









5 ) judging the validity result of the speech technique ;









6 ) The main communicative steps and language signs .

















III . Analysis of Specific Speech Skills Based on Mode








1 . Analysis of advice skills according to the description model








WP=69








1 ) Information on the communication situation








The aim of the communication is to yield , because some cognitive preset between the communicators do not coincide , so the communicative partner does not want to implement the act , and the initial response to the originator of the speech act is a direct or indirect refusal .








2 ) Status of the parties in the dialogue








The status of both parties is asymmetric and usually the promoter is in a vulnerable position .








3 ) communicative type of conversation








The speaker ' s interests require communication under the principle of cooperation .








4 ) Conditions for Success of Speech Skills








( 1 ) Prerequisites :








The speaker predicted that the recipient had the ability to complete the act .








( 2 ) According to the wishes of the individual , the recipient is not intended to carry out this activity .








In the opinion of the speaker , he should let the recipient carry out a certain act from the point of view of his own interests .








( 2 ) Substantive conditions :








The speaker tried to motivate the recipient to commit the act .








In the opinion of the speaker , a certain number of arguments must be used in order to achieve the purpose .








( 3 ) Good faith :








the speaker thinks ( or makes ) that the completion of the action is appropriate for the receiver .








( 4 ) Supplementary Conditions :








There should be no conflict between the listener and the speaker . If it is a conflict relationship , it is also necessary to use the complementary steps to twist the situation .








5 ) Judge according to the result of taking effect








6 ) Communication procedures and their language signs








( 1 ) Focus on the relationship and relationship between speakers and listeners








WP=70








The main sentence for the positive implementation of this step is :








I ' m sorry , I ' m sorry .








Let ' s take a look at it . .








Let ' s take a look at this . .








The main sentence of the negative implementation of this step is :








I ' m afraid . . . . . . . .








It ' s a good idea to make it happen .








Let ' s take a look at me .








( 2 ) Pay attention to the quality of the other party








The common syntax for implementing this step on the front is :








On the other hand , we can find a way to find a new solution to this problem .








In addition , we can find a new way to solve this problem .








In this paper , we find out that we can find a new way to solve the problem .








It ' s a great deal of time .








The common sentence of the negative implementation of this step is :








Take a look at it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .








I ' m sorry , I ' m afraid I ' ve got a lot of money .








Let ' s take a look at what you ' re doing .








( 3 ) Focus on pros and cons








The sentence commonly used to carry out this step is :








Control and control systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .








Let ' s take a look at it . .








The negative implementation of this step is commonly used in the following periods :








In this paper , we find out that we can make a great contribution to the development of the system .








On the basis of the analysis of the author ' s theory , the author makes a brief introduction to the author ' s research .








WP=71








( 4 ) Focus on authority








Focus on authority is to point out the source of argument . For example :








It ' s easy to find out what ' s going to happen .








B . C . C . C .








In the negative implementation of this step , authority has a negative meaning , for example :








On the other hand , we can find out that we can find a way to improve the performance of the system .








2 . Analysis of insulting skills in accordance with the description model








1 ) Information on communication events








The communicative task of an insult is to demean and doubt an opponent . Its cognitive premise is that the person who is the sender to the object of fun and hypothesis is not consistent with the understanding of the observer , and needs to be adjusted .








2 ) Status in communication scenarios








In view of our use of material research and insult techniques in magazine publications , the direct recipient of these words we study is the reader , and the recipient ( the insulted man ) is the third .








3 ) determining the type of communication for the listener and the speaker








The characteristic of the insult is that it is intended to fight against the insulted . But because the insult technique often takes into account the presence of the observer , the speaker must try to maintain the image in order to enhance the persuasion .








4 ) Conditions for Success








What we ' ve done is a public insult .








( 1 ) Prerequisites :








( 1 ) The speaker carries out a negative evaluation of the third party , that is , the opponent .








( 2 ) The speaker is of the opinion that the listener evaluates the person positively or does not evaluate the person .








The speaker believed that the speaker believed that the third was not worth believing .








( 4 ) The speaker and the listener clearly understand that the third party is shown
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2004
【分類號】：H35

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