【摘要】：我國是一個水資源嚴重缺乏的國家,水資源總量雖然位居世界第六位,但過多的人口導致水資源人均占有量僅為世界人均占有量的1/4,水資源的匱乏已嚴重制約著我國工農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展,成為限制我國經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展的瓶頸。在水資源缺乏的情況下,水體污染、水資源浪費現(xiàn)象日益增多,進一步加劇了水資源供需矛盾和緊缺程度。我國是農(nóng)業(yè)大國,農(nóng)業(yè)用水量居各行業(yè)之首,占全國總用水量的63%左右,而灌溉用水量又占農(nóng)業(yè)總用水量的90%以上。隨著國民經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,我國農(nóng)業(yè)與水資源短缺矛盾越來越尖銳,許多地區(qū)粗放的灌溉方法和落后的灌溉技術(shù)已不再適應(yīng)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的要求。目前急需解決的問題是在水資源有限的情況下,高效利用農(nóng)業(yè)用水,在保證糧食安全和可持續(xù)增產(chǎn)的前提下,減少農(nóng)業(yè)用水損耗。這就需要我們大力發(fā)展節(jié)水灌溉技術(shù),充分挖掘農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉節(jié)水潛力,提高農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉水利用系數(shù),緩解我國用水危機,解決水資源供需矛盾。發(fā)展節(jié)水農(nóng)業(yè),管道輸水是重要途徑之一。而在以往的工程設(shè)計中,管道多沿著田間路布置,管徑大多根據(jù)水源地供給的水量確定,設(shè)計、施工標準不一致,有關(guān)設(shè)計主要憑經(jīng)驗和常規(guī)進行,缺乏方案優(yōu)化比選,工程設(shè)計規(guī)劃難以達到最優(yōu)狀態(tài),致使工程成本和能耗增加,且過高的灌溉供水成本使農(nóng)民難以支付,水費征收困難,導致實際水價遠低于成本水價,嚴重制約了灌區(qū)的運行和發(fā)展。本文的研究對象是小型農(nóng)田水利工程灌溉管道系統(tǒng),在綜合分析國內(nèi)外有關(guān)管網(wǎng)優(yōu)化的研究和最優(yōu)化理論技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上,針對目前灌溉管道系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化設(shè)計存在的問題和不足,以管長、管徑、水泵揚程為決策變量,以灌溉供水成本最低為目標函數(shù),建立了小型農(nóng)田水利工程灌溉管道系統(tǒng)的非線性優(yōu)化模型,分別進行了管網(wǎng)布置優(yōu)化和管徑優(yōu)化。管網(wǎng)布置優(yōu)化時,結(jié)合設(shè)計人員經(jīng)驗和工程實際,根據(jù)單點供水原則,采用枚舉法進行優(yōu)化,并采用CodeBlocks軟件編寫了C++程序。在此基礎(chǔ)上采用遺傳算法對管徑進行優(yōu)化,采用整數(shù)編碼方法,得到各管網(wǎng)布置方案下的最優(yōu)管徑組合及水泵揚程,得到的管徑為標準商用管徑,避免了管徑不連續(xù)導致的優(yōu)化結(jié)果的偏差,然后選擇出灌溉供水成本最低的方案作為最優(yōu)設(shè)計方案,并編寫了Matlab程序。最后采用工程實例對本文建立的優(yōu)化設(shè)計模型及優(yōu)化方法進行驗證。結(jié)果表明,本文方法可快速有效地確定出灌溉管道系統(tǒng)整體優(yōu)化方案,在滿足農(nóng)田灌溉要求的同時,有效降低了灌溉供水成本,保障了農(nóng)民灌溉用水的切身利益。
[Abstract]:China is a country with a serious shortage of water resources. Although the total amount of water resources ranks sixth in the world, but too many people cause the per capita water resources per capita to be only one fourth of the world's per capita. The scarcity of water resources has seriously restricted the development of industry and agriculture in China and has become the bottleneck of restricting the economic and social development of our country. In the case of water shortage, water pollution and waste of water resources are increasing day by day, which further intensifies the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources and the degree of shortage. China is a big agricultural country. Agricultural water consumption occupies the first place in all industries, accounting for about 63% of the total water consumption in China, and irrigation water consumption accounts for more than 90% of the total agricultural water consumption. With the development of national economy, the contradiction between agriculture and water resources shortage is becoming more and more acute. The extensive irrigation methods and backward irrigation techniques in many areas are no longer suitable for the requirements of sustainable development. At present, the urgent problem is to use agricultural water efficiently under the condition of limited water resources, and to reduce the consumption of agricultural water under the premise of ensuring food security and increasing production sustainably. It is necessary for us to develop water-saving irrigation technology, fully tap the potential of water-saving in agricultural irrigation, improve the utilization coefficient of agricultural irrigation water, alleviate the water crisis in China, and solve the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources. To develop water-saving agriculture, pipeline water transmission is one of the important ways. In the past engineering design, the pipelines were mostly arranged along the field roads, and the pipe diameters were mostly determined according to the water supply from the water sources. The design and construction standards were inconsistent. The related designs were mainly carried out on the basis of experience and routine, and there was a lack of optimization and selection of the schemes. It is difficult to reach the optimal state of engineering design planning, resulting in the increase of project cost and energy consumption, and the high cost of irrigation water supply makes it difficult for farmers to pay, and the collection of water charges is difficult, resulting in the actual water price being far lower than the cost water price. Seriously restricted the operation and development of irrigation district. The research object of this paper is the irrigation pipeline system of small-scale irrigation and water conservancy engineering. On the basis of comprehensive analysis of domestic and foreign research on pipe network optimization and optimization theory technology, this paper aims at the existing problems and shortcomings in the optimization design of irrigation pipeline system at present. Taking pipe length, pipe diameter and water pump head as decision variables, taking the lowest cost of irrigation water supply as objective function, the nonlinear optimization model of irrigation pipeline system in small irrigation and water conservancy engineering is established, and the pipe network layout and pipe diameter optimization are carried out respectively. According to the principle of single point water supply, the optimization of pipe network layout is carried out by enumeration method, and the C program is compiled by CodeBlocks software. On the basis of this, genetic algorithm is used to optimize the pipe diameter, and the integer coding method is used to obtain the optimal pipe diameter combination and pump head under each pipe network layout scheme. The pipe diameter obtained is standard commercial diameter. The deviation of optimization result caused by discontinuity of pipe diameter is avoided, then the scheme with the lowest cost of irrigation water supply is selected as the optimal design scheme, and the Matlab program is written. Finally, an engineering example is used to verify the optimal design model and optimization method established in this paper. The results show that the whole optimization scheme of irrigation pipeline system can be determined quickly and effectively by this method, and the cost of irrigation water supply can be reduced effectively while the requirement of farmland irrigation is met, and the vital interests of farmers' irrigation water can be guaranteed.
【學位授予單位】：山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S274

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