民國年間重慶地區(qū)煙毒研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-23 21:09
【摘要】：民國年間,重慶煙毒泛濫,煙館林立。究其原因有:重慶優(yōu)越的自然因素適宜罌粟生長;長久以來,鴉片作為良好的醫(yī)療藥品廣泛用于治療咳嗽等疾病,市場廣闊;吸食鴉片作為重慶地區(qū)部分民眾長久以來的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,難以改變;重慶有著發(fā)達(dá)的水路和陸路交通,便于鴉片的運(yùn)輸;民國政治混亂,軍閥割據(jù),在重慶地區(qū)為獲取更大利益,政府和軍閥支持鴉片貿(mào)易。民國年間,重慶煙毒種植面積占四川鴉片面積很大一部分,尤其是涪陵地區(qū),在整個(gè)川東地區(qū)鴉片種植面積位居首位,其次是豐都。鴉片的大面積種植導(dǎo)致狹窄的本地市場根本沒有能力消化如此多的產(chǎn)品,因此,大批鴉片銷往外地。從重慶運(yùn)往外地的鴉片,大多運(yùn)往東南經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)的地區(qū),其運(yùn)輸方式分為三種,陸運(yùn)、內(nèi)河航運(yùn)、空運(yùn)。選擇陸運(yùn)這種方式較多,當(dāng)時(shí)有川漢鐵路、川鄂、川湘等公路,能夠快速運(yùn)輸鴉片到指定地點(diǎn)。雖然,重慶境內(nèi)有三條大河(長江、嘉陵江、烏江),利用內(nèi)河航運(yùn)運(yùn)輸鴉片較為節(jié)省運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用,但是,走水路關(guān)卡林立,不如陸路節(jié)省運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用。空運(yùn)也是當(dāng)時(shí)運(yùn)往外地的一種運(yùn)輸方式,安全、快捷。鴉片貿(mào)易帶來豐厚的回報(bào)。為獲取高額利潤,政府和軍閥公開販運(yùn),民間有偷運(yùn)鴉片的組織。大型的稱為煙幫,由商人團(tuán)體組成,販運(yùn)方式多樣,小型的是個(gè)人或小團(tuán)體偷運(yùn),組織松散,獲取利益較少。大面積種植罌粟,導(dǎo)致毒貴糧荒這一問題的產(chǎn)生。罌粟擠占良田,糧食缺少,糧價(jià)上漲,饑荒產(chǎn)生。鴉片貿(mào)易在重慶迅速發(fā)展必然會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的社會(huì)問題。首先,鴉片貿(mào)易帶來嚴(yán)重的社會(huì)危害。吸食鴉片,花費(fèi)大量金錢,導(dǎo)致許多家庭破產(chǎn),癮民走上犯罪道路,社會(huì)危害極大;貪官污吏販賣鴉片,導(dǎo)致地方政局動(dòng)蕩,百姓有苦難言;軍隊(duì)販賣鴉片,滋生腐敗,對地方社會(huì)治安是極大威脅。其次,由于鴉片的種植與貿(mào)易的擴(kuò)大,對農(nóng)業(yè)與金融業(yè)也產(chǎn)生了很大的影響,因鴉片的種植擠占農(nóng)業(yè)資源而導(dǎo)致糧食生產(chǎn)的減少,造成了饑荒,金融業(yè)對鴉片業(yè)的畸形發(fā)展發(fā)揮過較大作用,雙方形成互惠關(guān)系。重慶地區(qū)鴉片的畸形發(fā)展,政府也采取過制約、打壓的措施,包括禁種、禁運(yùn)、禁售、禁吸,雖收到一定效果,但由于巨大的利益的存在,且這利益又牽扯到政府本身及其工作人員,民國年間的禁毒很難徹底根絕。
[Abstract]:In the years of the Republic of China, Chongqing was flooded with tobacco poisoning and smoking pavilions. The reasons are as follows: the superior natural factors of Chongqing are suitable for the growth of opium poppy; for a long time opium as a good medical drug has been widely used to treat cough and other diseases and has a broad market. Opium consumption, as a long-standing custom of some people in Chongqing, is difficult to change; Chongqing has developed waterways and land transportation to facilitate the transportation of opium; political chaos in the Republic of China, warlordism, and greater benefits in Chongqing, Governments and warlords support the opium trade. In the period of the Republic of China, the tobacco cultivation area in Chongqing occupied a large part of the opium area in Sichuan, especially in Fuling region, and the opium cultivation area was the first in the whole East Sichuan region, followed by Fengdu. The extensive cultivation of opium led to the inability of the narrow local market to digest such a large number of products, so large quantities of opium were sold abroad. Most of the opium shipped from Chongqing to other places is transported to the economically developed areas in the southeast, and there are three modes of transportation: land transportation, inland river shipping and air transportation. There were roads such as Sichuan and Han railways, Sichuan and Hubei provinces, Sichuan and Hunan provinces, which could quickly transport opium to designated locations. Although there are three big rivers in Chongqing (Yangtze River, Jialing River, Wujiang River), it is better to save transportation cost by inland water transportation than by land. Air transportation was also a mode of transportation to other countries at that time, safe and fast. The opium trade pays off handsomely. For high profits, governments and warlords are openly trafficked, and there are organizations that smuggle opium. Large groups, called cigarette gangs, consist of groups of businessmen, trafficking in a variety of ways, small individuals or small groups of smuggling, loosely organized, less profitable. Cultivation of opium poppy in a large area, leading to the production of the problem of toxic and expensive food shortage. Poppies run out of good land, food is scarce, food prices rise, and famine occurs. The rapid development of opium trade in Chongqing will inevitably lead to serious social problems. First of all, the opium trade brings serious social harm. Smoking opium, spending a lot of money, causing many families to go bankrupt and addicts on the path of crime, causing great harm to society; corrupt officials selling opium, leading to local political instability, the common people have difficulties; the army sells opium and breeds corruption. It is a great threat to local public order. Secondly, because of the expansion of opium cultivation and trade, it also had a great impact on agriculture and the financial industry. The cultivation of opium led to the reduction of food production and the famine caused by the squeezing of agricultural resources by opium cultivation. The financial industry played an important role in the abnormal development of opium industry, and the two sides formed a reciprocal relationship. The abnormal development of opium in Chongqing has also been restricted and suppressed by the government, including the prohibition of seeds, the embargo, the ban on sales, and the ban on smoking. Although it has achieved certain results, it has been due to the existence of huge interests. And the interests of the government itself and its staff, the Republic of China's drug-control is very difficult to root out.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：重慶師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K258
本文編號：2140656
[Abstract]:In the years of the Republic of China, Chongqing was flooded with tobacco poisoning and smoking pavilions. The reasons are as follows: the superior natural factors of Chongqing are suitable for the growth of opium poppy; for a long time opium as a good medical drug has been widely used to treat cough and other diseases and has a broad market. Opium consumption, as a long-standing custom of some people in Chongqing, is difficult to change; Chongqing has developed waterways and land transportation to facilitate the transportation of opium; political chaos in the Republic of China, warlordism, and greater benefits in Chongqing, Governments and warlords support the opium trade. In the period of the Republic of China, the tobacco cultivation area in Chongqing occupied a large part of the opium area in Sichuan, especially in Fuling region, and the opium cultivation area was the first in the whole East Sichuan region, followed by Fengdu. The extensive cultivation of opium led to the inability of the narrow local market to digest such a large number of products, so large quantities of opium were sold abroad. Most of the opium shipped from Chongqing to other places is transported to the economically developed areas in the southeast, and there are three modes of transportation: land transportation, inland river shipping and air transportation. There were roads such as Sichuan and Han railways, Sichuan and Hubei provinces, Sichuan and Hunan provinces, which could quickly transport opium to designated locations. Although there are three big rivers in Chongqing (Yangtze River, Jialing River, Wujiang River), it is better to save transportation cost by inland water transportation than by land. Air transportation was also a mode of transportation to other countries at that time, safe and fast. The opium trade pays off handsomely. For high profits, governments and warlords are openly trafficked, and there are organizations that smuggle opium. Large groups, called cigarette gangs, consist of groups of businessmen, trafficking in a variety of ways, small individuals or small groups of smuggling, loosely organized, less profitable. Cultivation of opium poppy in a large area, leading to the production of the problem of toxic and expensive food shortage. Poppies run out of good land, food is scarce, food prices rise, and famine occurs. The rapid development of opium trade in Chongqing will inevitably lead to serious social problems. First of all, the opium trade brings serious social harm. Smoking opium, spending a lot of money, causing many families to go bankrupt and addicts on the path of crime, causing great harm to society; corrupt officials selling opium, leading to local political instability, the common people have difficulties; the army sells opium and breeds corruption. It is a great threat to local public order. Secondly, because of the expansion of opium cultivation and trade, it also had a great impact on agriculture and the financial industry. The cultivation of opium led to the reduction of food production and the famine caused by the squeezing of agricultural resources by opium cultivation. The financial industry played an important role in the abnormal development of opium industry, and the two sides formed a reciprocal relationship. The abnormal development of opium in Chongqing has also been restricted and suppressed by the government, including the prohibition of seeds, the embargo, the ban on sales, and the ban on smoking. Although it has achieved certain results, it has been due to the existence of huge interests. And the interests of the government itself and its staff, the Republic of China's drug-control is very difficult to root out.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：重慶師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K258
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