本文選題：春秋時期 + 大夫以下階層　； 參考：《吉林大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：春秋社會有著從天子、諸侯、卿大夫到士、庶人這樣一個等級嚴明的社會結構體系,其中,卿大夫以上階層掌握著國家的核心權力,士階層的地位較之其它貴族階層而言顯得十分卑微,即便能夠占據(jù)一官半職,也是小官、小吏,基本游離于權力核心之外,難以參與高層決策,而庶民階層如農、工、商及皂隸等,更幾乎沒有政治權力,被排除在外,有些甚至沒有人身自由。然而這些看似身份低微的士民,在長達三百多年的春秋時期,能夠憑借某種機會直接參政或被卷入到政治斗爭中,并對當時社會產生一定影響,已然成為一種引人注目的歷史現(xiàn)象。作為處于政治邊緣的底層士民,在等級嚴明的春秋社會,能夠有機會參政,甚至參與到立嗣、弒君這樣的政治環(huán)節(jié)中,不得不引起我們對這個群體的關注和重視,到了春秋后期,一些重大的社會變革如官僚制度的形成,其中一項不可忽視的因素即為士人的崛起和下層民眾的推動。本文將分五部分進行論述。首先筆者欲將搜集到的材料中的參政人物進行歸類,將其身份歸為公卿近侍、賤官微臣和匹庶民眾三大類,每一類再細分為幾小類,這樣能夠較為清晰地給讀者以人物身份上的概覽,且為后面的參政活動特點做出鋪墊。而后筆者將闡述參政者的參政方式,分為犯顏直諫、出謀劃策、政治預言、輿論譴責、恃寵作亂、施計報復、執(zhí)行刺殺、家臣叛亂八種形式,每種形式均有其特點和作用,正文將舉例進行具體論證。第三部分筆者將論述參政活動的原因。主要分為個人原因和社會原因,個人原因包括忠心為主、衛(wèi)道守禮、私欲膨脹等七種,將結合材料具體闡釋。關于社會原因,筆者欲利用今人研究成果,從原始時期民主傳統(tǒng)的遺存,到客觀的春秋社會環(huán)境的變遷,做一疏淺闡釋。第四部分筆者將總結參政結果。結果將分個人和社會兩個層面分別闡釋,對參政者個人而言,主要涉及個人利益的得失,對社會而言,參政結果體現(xiàn)在立嗣、弒君、叛亂等方面。第五部分筆者將對參政活動的特點進行論述,這一部分也是對前文的綜合論述,以此給予讀者以春秋時期下層民眾參與政治活動特點上的一個全面認知。最后,結語里對論文的各個部分進行全面總結,綜合概括了前文身份、方式、原因及結果等部分的內容,并闡述了大夫以下階層參政的社會影響和歷史意義。
[Abstract]:The society of the Spring and Autumn period had such a strict social structure system as the son of Heaven, the princes, and the common people. Among them, the upper echelons of the Qing Dynasty and above held the core power of the state. Compared with other aristocrats, the status of the academic class is very humble. Even if they can occupy one official or half a post, they are also small officials and officials, who are basically outside the core of power and are difficult to participate in high-level decision-making, while the ordinary people's stratum, such as farmers and workers, is difficult to take part in. Shang and Zhili, even less political power, were excluded, some even did not have personal freedom. However, during the Spring and Autumn period, which lasted for more than three hundred years, these low-status taxi people were able to directly participate in politics or be involved in political struggles by some kind of opportunity, and had a certain impact on the society at that time. Has become a remarkable historical phenomenon. As the people at the bottom of the political margin, in the highly hierarchical society of the Spring and Autumn period, they have the opportunity to participate in politics, even in the political links such as heirs and regicide, which have to arouse our concern and attention to this group. In the late Spring and Autumn period, some major social changes such as the formation of bureaucracy, one of the factors that can not be ignored is the rise of scholars and the promotion of the lower class. This article will be divided into five parts to discuss. First of all, the author would like to classify the political figures in the collected materials, and classify them into three categories: the public and the minister, the petty officials and the ordinary people, each of which is further subdivided into several small categories. In this way, it can give readers a clear overview of the characters, and pave the way for the characteristics of the political activities. Then the author describes the political participation of those who participate in politics, which is divided into eight forms, which are as follows: bluntly admonishing, giving advice, political prophecy, public opinion denouncing, spoiling by favoritism, revenge, execution of assassinations, and rebellion of family officials. Each form has its own characteristics and functions. The main text will give examples for concrete argumentation. The third part will discuss the reason of participating in politics. It is mainly divided into personal reasons and social reasons, personal reasons include loyalty as the main, Wei Tao to observe the ceremony, the expansion of selfish desire and other seven kinds, will be combined with the material specific interpretation. As for the social reasons, the author intends to make a brief explanation from the legacy of the democratic tradition of the primitive period to the change of the objective social environment of the Spring and Autumn period. The fourth part of the author will sum up the results of political participation. The result will be explained from two aspects of individual and society. For the individual participating in politics, it mainly involves the gain and loss of personal interests. For the society, the result of political participation is embodied in the aspects of heir, regicide, rebellion and so on. In the fifth part, the author will discuss the characteristics of the activities of participating in politics, this part is also a comprehensive discussion of the previous text, in order to give readers a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of the lower class people participating in political activities in the Spring and Autumn period. Finally, the conclusion summarizes all parts of the paper, comprehensively summarizes the previous identity, methods, causes and results of the contents, and expounds the social impact and historical significance of the participation of the lower levels of doctors in politics.
【學位授予單位】：吉林大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K225

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本文編號：1979845