發(fā)布時間：2021-04-06 04:08

　　兩次世界大戰(zhàn)的出現(xiàn),引起國際上對那些戰(zhàn)爭罪、反人類罪等侵犯人類和摧毀成千上萬無辜市民生活的國際犯罪,展開了嚴厲的打擊。為此,國際社會迫切需要在國際層面上的正義、安全與和平。因此,國際社會朝著建立一個永久的國際層面上的司法制度而努力,尤其是在國際社會中的引人關(guān)注的嚴重刑事案件;如反人類罪、戰(zhàn)爭罪、侵略罪和種族滅絕罪,國際正義應該保證無論在何種政治利益情況下,都必須能夠獨立起訴肇事者的罪行。一開始,國際社會的目標是建立特殊的國際臨時刑事法庭,對在第一和第二次世界大戰(zhàn)的戰(zhàn)犯進行審理。然而,它們的決心遠非如此,國際法的學者在2002年試圖建立一個永久的法院,裁決違反國際人道主義法的犯罪,由此國際刑事法院誕生,（縮寫為“ICC”）。國際刑事法院主要是對各國國內(nèi)司法制度進行補充,當然國際刑事法庭也不能充當各國國內(nèi)法院的角色,它需要國內(nèi)法院的意愿或能力對這些罪行進行調(diào)查或起訴。國際刑事法院是以通過終結(jié)有罪不罰等違規(guī)行為,威懾那些打算違反國際人道主義法人等的方式來處理問題的。國際刑事法庭是第一個獨立永久性刑事法庭,是國際社會為懲罰戰(zhàn)爭罪犯和實施者以及反人類罪、種族滅絕罪的暴行而創(chuàng)立的。國際刑事法院的《... 

【文章來源】：湖南大學湖南省 211工程院校 985工程院校 教育部直屬院校

【文章頁數(shù)】：203 頁

【學位級別】：博士

【文章目錄】：
ABSTRACT
摘要
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
    1.1 BACKGROUND
    1.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
    1.3 CENTRAL QUESTIONS
    1.4 STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY
    1.5 LITERATURE AVAILABLE IN THE FIELD
    1.6 METHODS AND SOURCES OF RESEARCH
CHAPTER II: THE CIRCUMSTANCES TO ESTABLISH ICC AND THEROLE OF ARAB STATE
    SECTION 1: CREATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT
        2.1.1. Pre-World War II
        2.1.2. The Nuremberg and Tokyo trials
        2.1.3. The Cold War Stall
        2.1.4. The ad hoc tribunals
        2.1.5. Drafting of the ICC Statute
        Conclusion
    SECTION 2: THE ROLE OF ARAB STATES IN CREATION AND EVOLUTION OF ICC
        2.2.1. The Involvement of Arab Countries in Developing ICC
        2.2.2. The League of Arab States
        2.2.3. The Effects of Arab Spring to Development of the Arab Position from the ICC.27Conclusion
        Conclusion
CHAPTER III: THE JURISDICTION OF THE INTERNATIONALCRIMINAL COURT
    SECTION 1: TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION
    SECTION 2: PERSONAL JURISDICTION
    SECTION 3: TEMPORAL JURISDICTION
        3.3.1. The 1st July 2002 at the earliest
        3.3.2. Or from the date of the Statute coming into force for any particular State Party, if later （under the 60 day rule）
        3.3.3. Or from the date of declaration under Article 12 （3）
    SECTION 4: SUBJECT-MATTER JURISDICTION
        3.4.1. The Crime of Genocide
            3.4.1.1. Elements of the Crime of Genocide
                3.4.1.1.1. Killing members of the group
                3.4.1.1.2. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group
                3.4.1.1.3. Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bringabout its physical destruction in whole or in part
                3.4.1.1.4. Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group
                3.4.1.1.5. Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group
        3.4.2. Crimes against humanity
            3.4.2.1. Crime against humanity of murder
            3.4.2.2. Crime against humanity of extermination
            3.4.2.3. Crime against humanity of enslavement
            3.4.2.4. Crime against humanity of deportation or forcible transfer of population
            3.4.2.5. Crime against humanity of imprisonment or other severe deprivation ofphysical liberty
            3.4.2.6. Crime against humanity of torture
            3.4.2.7. Crime against humanity of Rape and other violence
                A. Rape
                B. Sexual slavery
                C. Enforced prostitution
                D. Crime against humanity of forced pregnancy
                E. Enforced sterilization as one of the crimes against humanity
                F. Sexual violence as crime against humanity
            2.4.2.8. Crime against humanity of persecution
            3.4.2.9. Crime against humanity of enforced disappearance of persons
            3.4.2.10. Crime against humanity of apartheid
            3.4.2.11. Crime against humanity of other inhumane acts
        3.4.3. War crimes
        3.4.4. THE CRIME OF AGGRESSION
            3.4.4.1 The Kampala Definition of the Crime of Aggression
            3.4.4.2 The effect of opt-in and opt-out provisions
    Conclusion
CHAPTER IV: THE APPLICATION OF ICC JURISDICTION ON ARABSTATES
    Section 1: Sudan
        4.1.1. The root causes of the Darfur crisis
        4.1.2. Escalation of the violence and the UNSC involvement in the Darfur crisis
        4.1.3. The referral of the Darfur situation to the ICC jurisdiction
        4.1.4 The Legitimacy of the Security Council Referral of the Situation in Darfur to the ICC
        4.1.5. The Jurisdiction of International Criminal Court on the Conflict
            4.1.5.1. Personal Jurisdiction
            4.1.5.2. Subject-Matter Jurisdiction
                4.1.5.2.1. Crime of genocide
                4.1.5.2.2. Crimes against Humanity
                4.1.5.2.3. Crime of War.
        4.1.6. The Challenges facing the ICC to Exercise its Jurisdiction in Darfur
            4.1.6.1 Lack of states cooperation under UNSC Resolution 1593
            4.1.6.2. Negative Role of United Nation and UN Security Council
            4.1.6.3. How the Sudanese Government has coped with the Darfur Conflict
            4.1.6.4. The immunity
            4.1.6.5. Conflict between the ICC and the AU
        Conclusion
    Section 2: Libya
        4.2.1. The Libyan Crisis: From a Domestic Crisis to a matter under International Jurisdiction of ICC
        4.2.2. Judicial Developments of The Libya ISSUE
            4.2.2.1. The Security Council Refer Libya to ICC
            4.2.2.2. Opening of the Investigation and Warrants of Arrest
            4.2.2.3. The exercise of jurisdiction of ICC in the case of Libya
        4.2.3. The relation between complementary principle and Libyan courts
        4.2.4. Behind the failure of jurisdiction of ICC in case of Libya
            4.2.4.1. Libya refused to hand the suspects over to the ICC
                4.2.4.1.1. In case of Abdullah Al-Senussi
                4.2.4.1.2 Case of Saif Al-Islam Qaddafi.
                    4.2.4.1.2.1. Ongoing investigation by national court
                    4.2.4.1.2.2. The Same Person, Same Conduct Test
                    4.2.4.1.2.3. Criterion of “Unwillingness” and “inability”
            4.2.4.2. The ICC referred to UNSC the non-cooperation of Libya
        Conclusion
    Section 3: Iraq
        4.3.1. The subject- matter Jurisdiction of ICC on the crimes committed in Iraq
            4.3.1.1. Aggression crime
            4.3.1.2. War crimes
            4.3.1.3. Crime against Humanity
            4.3.1.4. Crime of Genocide
        4.3.2. The extent of the ICC jurisdiction in crimes committed in Iraq
            4.3.2.1. The possibility of presenting the American soldiers to ICC
            4.3.2.2. The possibility of presenting the British soldiers to ICC.
        4.3.3. Illegality of ICC to Refuse to Prosecute Allied Troops on 2006
        Conclusion
    Section 4: Palestine
        4.4.1. The ICC between realizing the aim of Statute and the crimes committed in Palestine
            4.4.1.1. Mechanism of ICC to have jurisdiction over Palestine
            4.4.1.2. Rationale supporting exercise of jurisdiction over crimes committed in Palestine
                4.4.1.2.1. Palestine before recognizing the jurisdiction of ICC
                    4.4.1.2.1.1. The temporal Jurisdiction
                        4.4.1.2.1.1.1. Direct Impact
                        4.4.1.2.1.1.2. Retroactive impact
                4.4.1.2.2. Palestine after recognizing the ICC jurisdiction
        4.4.2. Are the crimes committed in Palestine falling into the ICC jurisdiction?
            4.4.2.1. War crimes
            4.4.2.2. Genocide
            4.4.2.3. Crimes against humanity
        4.4.3. The bar on ICC to prosecute the perpetrators of the crimes committed in Palestine
        Conclusion
Chapter V: The ICC Jurisdiction Challenges in Arab States
    Section 1: The lack of an effective enforcement mechanism for ICC
    Section 2: The complementary jurisdiction of ICC
    Section 3: The Immunity Challenge
    Section 4: Respecting Sovereignty and balancing it with Cooperation
        5.4.1. Lack of cooperation by party states to the statute
        5.4.2. Lack of cooperation by non- party states to the statute
    Section 5: The Security Council’s impact on ICC resolutions
        5.5.1. Economic and Political Interests
        5.5.2. The application of article 16 of Rome Statute by UNSC
Chapter VI : The extent of success of ICC to exercise its jurisdiction over Arab States
    Section 1: Research Findings
        6.1.1 The prosecutions are limited to Arab-African countries
        6.1.2 Limitation over ICC’s Jurisdiction regarding serious crimes
        6.1.3 The factor of sovereignty in acceding to Rome Statute
        6.1.4 Restricting the ICC jurisdiction by UNSC
        6.1.5 Non-compliance of court orders by member states
        6.1.6 Challenges of Legitimacy for International Criminal Court
Bibliography
    I. Articles
    II. Reports, Resolutions and judgments
    III. Textbooks
    IV. Website
    V. Conventions , agreements and others



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