【摘要】：馬克思人的發(fā)展理論的最終目標(biāo)和最高價(jià)值理想是人的自由全面發(fā)展。而人的自由全面發(fā)展必然表現(xiàn)為其需要的全面性和豐富性。馬克思在各個(gè)時(shí)期都很關(guān)注資本主義制度下的無產(chǎn)階級(jí)的需要發(fā)展和滿足問題。立足于馬克思的經(jīng)典文本,結(jié)合當(dāng)代中國發(fā)展的實(shí)際,深入發(fā)掘和系統(tǒng)梳理馬克思的需要理論,對(duì)全面準(zhǔn)確理解馬克思主義理論,更好地貫徹以人民為中心的發(fā)展思想具有重要的理論意義和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。論文正文包括以下三部分內(nèi)容:第一章從當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)和理論背景出發(fā),深入剖析了馬克思需要理論的形成和發(fā)展過程。在擔(dān)任《萊茵報(bào)》編輯期間,馬克思接觸到了物質(zhì)需要和物質(zhì)利益問題,開始探索人的需要問題。德法年鑒時(shí)期,馬克思提出"徹底的革命只能是徹底需要的革命",此時(shí)物質(zhì)需要概念已被提出。在《1844年經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)哲學(xué)手稿》中,馬克思提出了許多需要概念,還對(duì)需要的形式有了初步的劃分,指出了資本主義制度下人的需要異化問題,表明馬克思需要理論已初步提出。在《神圣家族》中,馬克思始終堅(jiān)持唯物主義,奠定了需要理論的唯物主義基礎(chǔ)。在《德意志意識(shí)形態(tài)》中,在唯物史觀的基礎(chǔ)上,馬克思提出了需要層次理論,還對(duì)人的需要和人的本質(zhì)的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了深入的探討,表明馬克思需要理論已基本形成。在《1857-1858年經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)手稿》中,馬克思提出了社會(huì)需要等概念,闡述了需要和社會(huì)生產(chǎn)四個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)之間的關(guān)系,提出了"需要體系"思想,.豐富和完善了需要理論。第二章詳細(xì)闡述了馬克思需要理論的主要內(nèi)容及其在唯物史觀中的地位。馬克思需要理論的主要內(nèi)容包括需要的本質(zhì)與特征、層次與形式、異化與揚(yáng)棄、發(fā)展與滿足四個(gè)方面。在馬克思看來,需要是人的本質(zhì)力量的表征,是人的生存發(fā)展?fàn)顟B(tài),是社會(huì)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r的一種體現(xiàn),具有全面豐富性、主觀能動(dòng)性、社會(huì)歷史性;人的需要包括自然需要和社會(huì)需要、個(gè)人需要和群體需要、物質(zhì)需要和精神需要等不同形式,劃分為生存需要、享受需要和發(fā)展需要等三個(gè)不同層次;人的需要應(yīng)自由全面的發(fā)展,但資本主義制度下,人的需要出現(xiàn)了需要的單一化和需要的兩極化等異化狀況,只有消滅分工和私有制,才能消除需要的異化。馬克思需要理論在唯物史觀中具有重要地位,它進(jìn)一步深化了社會(huì)生產(chǎn)理論的內(nèi)涵、揭示了社會(huì)發(fā)展動(dòng)力的主體維度、提供了人類解放的價(jià)值導(dǎo)向。第三章主要闡述了馬克思需要理論在當(dāng)代中國的運(yùn)用和發(fā)展。在當(dāng)代中國,一些人過度追求物質(zhì)享受、精神生活低俗化、庸俗化,人與自然的關(guān)系緊張,供給與需求不協(xié)調(diào),出現(xiàn)了片面發(fā)展之困。為引導(dǎo)人的需要合理發(fā)展,促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展,黨中央堅(jiān)持以馬克思需要理論為指導(dǎo),做出了加強(qiáng)物質(zhì)文明和精神文明協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略決策,統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)"五位一體"的總體布局,貫徹落實(shí)綠色發(fā)展理念、推進(jìn)生態(tài)文明建設(shè),發(fā)力供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革、協(xié)調(diào)生產(chǎn)和需要之間的關(guān)系。所有這些舉措,旨在更好地滿足人民群眾的需要、促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展,同時(shí)也深化了馬克思需要理論的時(shí)代內(nèi)涵。
[Abstract]:The ultimate goal and the highest value ideal of Marx's development theory are human's free and comprehensive development. The all-round development of man's free and comprehensive development is bound to be comprehensive and rich in its needs. Marx pays close attention to the development and satisfaction of the proletariat under the capitalist system at all times. Based on the classic of Marx The text, combining with the reality of the development of contemporary China, deeply excavates and systematically combs the theory of Marx's needs, which is of great theoretical and practical significance to the comprehensive and accurate understanding of Marx theory and the better implementation of the people centered development thought. The text includes the following three parts: the first chapter from the present society On the basis of the actual and theoretical background, the formation and development process of Marx's need theory is deeply dissecting. During the period of the editing of the Rhine newspaper, Marx touched on the matter of material needs and material interests and began to explore the needs of human beings. In the period of the de France Yearbook, Marx proposed that "the revolution at the bottom of the bottom can only be a completely needed revolution". The concept of need has been put forward. In the <1844 economic and Philosophical Manuscript, Marx put forward many necessary concepts and had a preliminary division of the forms needed, pointing out the need for alienation of human beings under the capitalist system, indicating that Marx needs the theory to put forward preliminarily. In the holy family, Marx always adhered to materialism and laid a foundation for it. In the "German Ideology", on the basis of the materialist conception of history, Marx put forward the theory of hierarchy of needs, and further discussed the relationship between human needs and human nature. It shows that Marx needs theory to be basically formed. In <1857-1858 economics manuscript, Marx proposed Social needs and other concepts, expounds the relationship between the needs and the four links of social production, puts forward the "need system" thought, and enriches and perfects the need theory. The second chapter expounds the main content of Marx's need theory and its position in the materialist conception of history. The main content of Marx's needs includes the essential and special needs of the theory. In Marx's view, in Marx's view, the need is the characterization of the essential strength of human beings, the state of human existence and development, a manifestation of the social development situation, full of richness, subjective initiative and social historicity, and human needs including natural needs and social needs and personal needs. The needs of the group, material needs and spiritual needs are divided into three different levels, such as the needs of survival, the need for the needs and the needs of development, and the need for human beings to develop freely and comprehensively, but under the capitalist system, the needs of the human needs are unitary and the need for polarization, such as the dissimilation of the needs, and the elimination of the division of labor and private ownership, In order to eliminate the alienation of needs, Marx needs theory to play an important role in historical materialism, which further deepens the connotation of social production theory, reveals the main dimension of the motive force of social development, and provides the value orientation of human liberation. The third chapter mainly expounds the application and development of Marx's need theory in contemporary China. In contemporary China, some people are excessively pursuing material enjoyment, the spiritual life is vulgarization, vulgarization, and the relationship between human and nature is tense, the supply and demand are incompatible, and there is a one-sided development. In order to guide the human needs to develop rationally and promote the all-round development of people, the party Central Committee insists on the guidance of the theory of Marx needs, and has made the strengthening of material civilization and the strengthening of material civilization. The strategic decisions of the coordinated development of spiritual civilization, the overall layout of the "five in one", the implementation of the concept of green development, the promotion of the construction of ecological civilization, the supply of side structural reform and the coordination of the relations between production and needs, all of which aim to better meet the needs of the people and promote the overall development of the people. It also deepened the time connotation of Marx's need for theory.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：A81

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