本文選題：開(kāi)放量子系統(tǒng) + 非馬爾科夫動(dòng)力學(xué)��； 參考：《中國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：量子力學(xué)從原子尺度上描繪了我們存在的自然界。它的理論包含了很多與人們?nèi)粘＝?jīng)驗(yàn)相違背的概念與語(yǔ)言,比如量子糾纏,量子導(dǎo)引,互補(bǔ)性原理。薛定諤方程描繪的是孤立量子系統(tǒng)的演化。然而現(xiàn)實(shí)中大多數(shù)的量子系統(tǒng)都不是完全孤立的,它們都會(huì)與外界環(huán)境相互作用,這些非孤立的系統(tǒng)被稱作開(kāi)放系統(tǒng)。開(kāi)放系統(tǒng)與環(huán)境的相互作用會(huì)引入退相干和耗散效應(yīng),這對(duì)于系統(tǒng)的量子特性(比如糾纏)是不利的。在量子信息和量子計(jì)算理論中,量子相干性和量子糾纏都是信息處理的基本資源。然而,量子系統(tǒng)與環(huán)境的相互作用最終會(huì)導(dǎo)致存儲(chǔ)在量子態(tài)中的信息的完全流失。這種現(xiàn)象被稱為退相干,它是成功地實(shí)現(xiàn)量子信息處理過(guò)程中的一個(gè)難對(duì)付的絆腳石。如何防止退相干過(guò)程帶來(lái)的負(fù)面效應(yīng)成為了當(dāng)今量子力學(xué)中的最重要的問(wèn)題之一。它不僅僅影響到量子信息和量子計(jì)算領(lǐng)域,很多其他的物理領(lǐng)域也難逃魔掌。解決這一問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵是在能夠完成量子態(tài)存儲(chǔ)和量子態(tài)操控所必須的時(shí)間內(nèi)保護(hù)系統(tǒng)的相干性不被它周圍的環(huán)境所影響。這也正是開(kāi)放量子系統(tǒng)非馬爾科夫動(dòng)力學(xué)所要研究的問(wèn)題。光的波粒二象性問(wèn)題要追溯到愛(ài)因斯坦用光的量子特征解釋光電效應(yīng)以及德布羅意波的物質(zhì)波理論。不確定原理是量子力學(xué)理論的核心�；堇昭舆t選擇實(shí)驗(yàn)的提出回答了愛(ài)因斯坦與波爾關(guān)于實(shí)在論與互補(bǔ)性的爭(zhēng)論,自此它推動(dòng)了量力學(xué)理論與相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)的進(jìn)展。本文闡述了開(kāi)放量子系統(tǒng)非馬爾科夫動(dòng)力學(xué)以及延遲選擇理想實(shí)驗(yàn)的理論背景與實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)展,并簡(jiǎn)要地概括了作者在這兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域所做的以下兩篇工作：1.離散Q比特非馬爾科夫動(dòng)力學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)。雖然系統(tǒng)與環(huán)境相互作用會(huì)導(dǎo)致退相干,但是往往利用量子調(diào)控可以讓流失到環(huán)境中的信息回流到系統(tǒng)中。本文提出了一個(gè)離散Q比特開(kāi)放系統(tǒng)的模型,通過(guò)局域操控可以改變系統(tǒng)與環(huán)境之間的相互作用。我們?cè)诰�性光學(xué)體系內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了這一模型并證明了如何通過(guò)僅僅局域地調(diào)控開(kāi)放系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)馬爾科夫過(guò)程向非馬爾科夫過(guò)程轉(zhuǎn)變。2.波動(dòng)性與粒子性經(jīng)典疊加的延遲選擇實(shí)驗(yàn)方案。類似于Ionicioiu提出的量子延遲選擇方案,本文提出了一個(gè)在一次干涉實(shí)驗(yàn)中,波動(dòng)性與粒子性處于經(jīng)典疊加態(tài)的延遲選擇方案。通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)相應(yīng)的參數(shù)可以觀察到波動(dòng)行為向粒子行為轉(zhuǎn)變的實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象。這一方案同時(shí)說(shuō)明了一個(gè)問(wèn)題,隨著探測(cè)儀器的分辨率越來(lái)越高，，一次測(cè)量過(guò)程中人們可以選擇在粒子時(shí)間分布的波包內(nèi)某一時(shí)刻進(jìn)行探測(cè),選擇不同的時(shí)刻會(huì)影響最終測(cè)量的結(jié)果。
[Abstract]:Quantum mechanics describes our existence in nature on the atomic scale. The concept and theory of language which contains a lot of people and contrary to the daily experience, such as quantum entanglement, quantum guidance, the principle of complementarity. The Schrodinger equation describes the evolution of isolated quantum systems. However, most of the quantum systems in reality are not completely isolated and they will interact with the external environment, these non isolated systems are open systems. The interaction of open system and environment will be introduced to the decoherence and dissipation effect, the quantum properties of the system (such as entanglement) is unfavorable. In quantum computation and quantum information theory, quantum coherence and quantum entanglement is a basic resource for information processing. However, the interaction of quantum systems and the environment will eventually lead to complete loss of information stored in the quantum state. This phenomenon is called Decoherence, it is difficult to achieve a successful obstacle in quantum information processing. How to prevent decoherence process brings negative effect has become one of the most important problems in quantum mechanics. It not only affects the field of quantum information and quantum computation, many other physical fields could not escape the clutches of the key. To solve this problem is to complete the protection system in the coherence of quantum state storage and manipulation of quantum states must time not be affected by its environment. This is also the non Markovian dynamics of open quantum system to study the problem. Two problems like quantum particle characteristics can be traced back to Einstein with light the interpretation of the light photoelectric effect and De Broglie wave material wave theory. The uncertainty principle is the core of the theory of quantum mechanics. Wheeler's delayed choice experiment put forward to answer love Instan and Bohr on realism and complementary debate, since it promoted the progress of quantum mechanics theory and related experimental techniques. This paper expounds the non Markovian dynamics and delayed selection progress of theoretical background and the ideal experiment of open quantum systems, and a brief overview of the author in these two areas the following two articles work: 1. bit Q discrete non Markovian dynamics experiment. Although the interaction between system and environment leads to decoherence, but often can make use of quantum control is lost to the environment information back to the system. This paper presents a discrete Q bit open system model, the local control can change the interaction between system and environment the linear optical system. In our experiment verified this model and show how the local control system by simply open a horse Erkefu process to non Markov process change.2. volatility and the classical particle superposition of the delayed choice experiment scheme. Similar to Ionicioiu's proposal of quantum delay selection scheme, this paper proposes a in an interference experiment, volatility and particle in a superposition of classic delay selection scheme. By adjusting the corresponding parameters of the experimental phenomena can be observed to change the particle fluctuation behavior behavior. This scheme also illustrates a problem, with the detection resolution of the instrument is more and more high, people can choose a measurement process to detect a moment in time distribution of particle wave packet, the choice of different time will affect the final measurement results.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：O413.1

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