雍正朝官僚人事探析
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-11 13:11
【摘要】： 雍正朝(1723—1735)在清前期的歷史上地位重要，學(xué)術(shù)界對該朝研究的重視首推孟森先生。海外史界對雍正朝的研究，可追溯到五十年代的日本。1949年京都大學(xué)人文科學(xué)研究所創(chuàng)開辦了“雍正xC批諭旨研究班”，只到1971年春才宣告結(jié)束。研究班培養(yǎng)了幾代青年學(xué)者，其中楊啟樵先生后來研究雍正帝頗有影響，佐伯富先生的長篇論文《清代雍正朝的養(yǎng)廉銀研究》也是該領(lǐng)域的代表作。建國以來，我國史學(xué)界對雍正朝的研究長期寂寞，自1978年以后才逐漸升溫。雍正朝政治始終是雍正朝研究最熱門的領(lǐng)域，如奏折制度、軍機處、雍正繼統(tǒng)問題等問題歷來討論較多。關(guān)于官員人事制度及其運作方面的探索尚不多，本論文的切入點主要鎖定在這一研究薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，以期勾沉史實，填補空白。在資料引用方面，除《清世宗實錄》、《雍正起居注》以及大量的官員奏折資料外，本論文還重點整理和利用了雍正朝引見官員的履歷檔案。 本論文只是對雍正朝官僚人事制度若干問題進行考證和探究，并非是對這一朝代官僚人事問題的全方位描述，如各衙門的設(shè)置及人數(shù)、官員的俸祿、官缺和升遷的細則等等問題并未展開論述，這些問題在清代《會典》中皆有詳盡的記載。本文試圖運用政治社會學(xué)和政治組織學(xué)的觀點，結(jié)合計量史學(xué)的方法，從引見制度和皇帝的官僚人事權(quán)、保舉題補制度和督撫提鎮(zhèn)的人事權(quán)、捐納制度以及雍正朝引見官員的學(xué)歷和年齡構(gòu)成、引見官員的地理分布四個方面，探討有關(guān)雍正朝官僚人事的運轉(zhuǎn)機制，為解析中國傳統(tǒng)政治結(jié)構(gòu)提供細節(jié)資料。 官僚的升調(diào)遷轉(zhuǎn)引見是皇帝人事權(quán)的重要方面。隨著中央集權(quán)和皇權(quán)的加強，清代的引見制度到雍正時已比較完備，雍正對官僚人事權(quán)常抓不懈，在引見制度上創(chuàng)設(shè)較多。雍正通過對引見制度的改革，強化了皇帝對官員的選任、調(diào)配和考察權(quán)，進一步打破了八旗的選官特權(quán)，推動了八旗的官僚化進程。但以中國地方之廣和官員數(shù)量之眾，雍正憑一人之力要對所有官員嚴密監(jiān)控是不可能的，他主要控制的只是少數(shù)高層官員與八旗官員，中下層官員經(jīng)他詳察和調(diào)配的不過數(shù)百人，常規(guī)的官員還是由吏、兵二部來安排確定。在引見時，皇帝對能干的官員會記名特用，對少數(shù)平庸的官員會調(diào)簡、改教職或留部考察，這一切皇帝根據(jù)自己的面試標準來決定，皇帝要對眾多官員形成印象并加以判別，在很大程度上要依據(jù)“先行經(jīng)驗”。在引見、甄別人材的實踐中，雍正依據(jù)自己的“先行經(jīng)驗”形成了別具風(fēng)格的面試術(shù)，如以外貌特征、地域和民族特點、以原型人物類比等。 文武官員的保舉和題補制度是清代政治的重要特色。本文對雍正朝的保題制度作了全方位的考述與歸類，認為雍正朝的題補范圍比康熙時寬廣，題補缺也比 原來多。通過對雍正、乾隆、嘉慶三朝綠營武官題補比例的考證與推算，估計綠 營武官的題補比率每朝約遞增5個百分點，反映了督撫提鎮(zhèn)人事權(quán)不斷增加的趨 勢。在實行保題制度時，雍正對各種親緣關(guān)系并不顧忌，甚至還鼓勵保舉有親緣 關(guān)系的官員。同時，雍正也嚴格保題者的連帶責(zé)任，嚴懲詢私和濫舉行為。保題 制度主要功能是克服科舉制以文取人的弊端，注重以能、以德取人，有“技術(shù)官 僚”的取向。有些學(xué)者籠統(tǒng)地說中國古代選官重文學(xué)修養(yǎng)而輕行政能力，這一觀 點是有疑問的。清代疆域遼闊，經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，人口增殖很快，行政事務(wù)繁雜，中央 和吏部很難統(tǒng)一人事安排，適當分權(quán)地方，，委權(quán)臣僚，能提高大一統(tǒng)帝國的統(tǒng)治 效能。運作保題制度的核心人物是部臣和封疆大吏，吏部的人事權(quán)因之削弱。但 臣僚們在保題官員時要受資歷、任期等各種條件的限制，再加上皇帝的監(jiān)控，也 不可能真正做到唯才是舉，大部分臣僚在保舉時實際上是馬虎應(yīng)付。 保題是官員入仕的政治人事因素，此外經(jīng)濟和文化因素也是入仕的重要條 件。入仕的經(jīng)濟因素主要表現(xiàn)為捐納，本文考述了雍正朝引見官員的各種捐納行 為，對雍正朝捐納總數(shù)也試圖推測，并糾正了前人的某些錯誤判斷。文化和學(xué)歷 因素是入仕的基本條件，本文對雍正引見官員的學(xué)歷構(gòu)成和各層級官員的學(xué)歷作 了統(tǒng)計分析，說明了學(xué)歷越高任官的可能性越大，任職的品位可能越高。利用相 關(guān)統(tǒng)計資料，對雍正朝文武官員的年齡結(jié)構(gòu)也作了分析。 文化、人事、經(jīng)濟三大選官因素和政府調(diào)控的綜合作用，決定了文職官員的 地理分布。其中以順天府和江南地區(qū)為兩端而被大運河貫穿的啞鈴型區(qū)域是全國 產(chǎn)生官員最集中的地帶，此二地一為政治中心，一為經(jīng)濟文化中心，政府又有扶 北抑南的舉措，最終鑄就了啞鈴的兩極。各省的政治人才中心大多以省府以及大 城市所在府為主，省內(nèi)各府縣的人才分布極不均衡，這種現(xiàn)象在一定程度上也反 映了地方行政區(qū)劃的不合理。武官的分布則主要受西北用兵和東南海防的影響， 以陜西和福建兩地最多。
[Abstract]:Yongzheng Dynasty (1723-1735) played an important role in the history of the early Qing Dynasty. The academic circles attached great importance to the study of Yongzheng Dynasty. The study of Yongzheng Dynasty in overseas history circles can be traced back to Japan in the 1950s. In 1949, the Institute of Humanities and Sciences of Kyoto University established the "Yongzheng xC Approved Oracle Seminar" and only ended in the spring of 1971. The research group has trained several generations of young scholars, among whom Mr. Yang Qiqiao later studied Emperor Yongzheng with considerable influence. Mr. Zuo Bofu's long paper "The Study of Yongzheng Yin in Qing Dynasty" is also a representative work in this field. Yongzheng Dynasty is the most popular research areas, such as the Folk System, the Military Aircraft Department, Yongzheng Succession and other issues have always been discussed more. In addition to the actual records, notes on the living conditions of Yongzheng and a large number of official memorials, this paper also focuses on collating and utilizing the biographical records of the officials introduced by Yongzheng Dynasty.
This paper is only a textual research and exploration of some problems of the bureaucratic personnel system of the Yongzheng Dynasty. It is not an omni-directional description of the bureaucratic personnel problems of this dynasty, such as the establishment and number of the various bureaucracies, the salaries of officials, the absence and promotion of officials and other issues have not been discussed. This paper attempts to use the viewpoints of political sociology and political histology, combining with the method of quantitative historiography, to discuss Yongzheng from four aspects: the introduction system and the emperor's bureaucratic and personnel power, the recommendation and supplement system and the governor's and town's personnel rights, the donation system and the educational background and age composition of the officials introduced by Yongzheng Dynasty, and the geographical distribution of the officials. The operation mechanism of bureaucratic personnel provides detailed information for the analysis of Chinese traditional political structure.
With the strengthening of centralization and imperial power, the introduction system of the Qing Dynasty was relatively complete by the time of Yongzheng. Yongzheng constantly attached great importance to the bureaucratic personnel power and created more introductions. The procuratorial power further broke the privilege of selecting officials from the Eight Banners and promoted the process of bureaucratization of the Eight Banners.However, it is impossible for Yong Zheng to monitor all officials closely with the strength of one person with the vast number of officials in China. In the introduction, the emperor used special names for competent officials, simplified a small number of mediocre officials, changed their posts or stayed in the Ministry to inspect them. All these were decided by the emperor according to his own interview criteria. The emperor wanted to impress and judge many officials, to a great extent. In the practice of introducing and screening talents, Yong Zheng has formed his own unique interview techniques based on his own "prior experience", such as appearance characteristics, regional and national characteristics, and analogy with archetypal characters.
The system of preservation and supplement for civil and military officials is an important feature of Qing Dynasty politics. This paper makes a comprehensive review and classification of the preservation system of Yongzheng Dynasty, and holds that the scope of supplement for civil and military officials is wider than that of Kangxi Dynasty.
It is estimated that the green ratio of Yong Zheng, Qian Long and Jiaqing three military officers in the Qing Dynasty is estimated and calculated.
The ratio of inscriptions to supplements of military officers increased by about 5 percentage points per dynasty, reflecting the increasing trend of personnel power in the town of Superintendent Ti.
When carrying out the title preservation system, Yong Zheng was not afraid of all kinship relations, and even encouraged relatives to be recommended.
At the same time, Yong Zheng also strictly protects the joint and several liability of the subjects, and severely punish private and indiscriminate acts.
The main function of the system is to overcome the drawbacks of the imperial examination system in terms of taking the advantages of people, focusing on energy, taking people by virtue and having "technical officials".
Some scholars generally say that the selection of officials in ancient China emphasized literary accomplishment rather than administrative ability.
There is a doubt about it. The Qing Dynasty had vast territory, rapid economic development, rapid population growth, and complicated administrative affairs.
It is very difficult for the Ministry of justice and the Ministry of justice to unify personnel arrangements, appropriately decentralization, and empower officials to improve the rule of the great empire.
The core of the system is the ministers and officials, but the personnel rights of the departments are weakened.
Officials should be subject to qualifications, tenure and other conditions, and the emperor's monitoring.
It is impossible to be truly talented. Most of the staff members are actually careless when recommending.
Keeping the title is a political and personnel factor for officials to enter the office. Besides, economic and cultural factors are also important.
The economic factors of entering the government are mainly manifested in donation. This paper examines the various donation banks introduced by the officials of the Yongzheng Dynasty.
In order to sum up the total number of contributions to the Yong Zheng Dynasty, we also try to speculate and correct some mistakes made by predecessors.
The factors are the basic conditions for entering the government. This paper discusses the academic composition of the officials introduced by Yongzheng and the academic records of the officials at all levels.
Statistical analysis shows that the higher the educational level is, the more likely the officer is, and the higher the grade of his post is.
On the basis of statistical data, the age structure of Yong Zheng and Wen Wu officials was also analyzed.
Cultural, personnel and economic three election officials and the comprehensive role of government regulation determine the civilian officials.
Geographical distribution. The dumbbell-shaped region with the ends of Shuntianfu and Jiangnan is the whole country.
The area where officials are most concentrated is one of the two political centers, one is the economic and cultural center, the other is the government.
The measures of restraining the north from the South eventually created the dumbbell poles. Most of the provincial political talent centers are provincial capitals and large ones.
To some extent, this phenomenon is also counter-productive.
It reflects the irrationality of the local administrative divisions. The distribution of military officers is mainly influenced by the northwest and southeast coastal defense.
Shaanxi and Fujian are the two most.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2003
【分類號】：K249.2
本文編號：2236776
[Abstract]:Yongzheng Dynasty (1723-1735) played an important role in the history of the early Qing Dynasty. The academic circles attached great importance to the study of Yongzheng Dynasty. The study of Yongzheng Dynasty in overseas history circles can be traced back to Japan in the 1950s. In 1949, the Institute of Humanities and Sciences of Kyoto University established the "Yongzheng xC Approved Oracle Seminar" and only ended in the spring of 1971. The research group has trained several generations of young scholars, among whom Mr. Yang Qiqiao later studied Emperor Yongzheng with considerable influence. Mr. Zuo Bofu's long paper "The Study of Yongzheng Yin in Qing Dynasty" is also a representative work in this field. Yongzheng Dynasty is the most popular research areas, such as the Folk System, the Military Aircraft Department, Yongzheng Succession and other issues have always been discussed more. In addition to the actual records, notes on the living conditions of Yongzheng and a large number of official memorials, this paper also focuses on collating and utilizing the biographical records of the officials introduced by Yongzheng Dynasty.
This paper is only a textual research and exploration of some problems of the bureaucratic personnel system of the Yongzheng Dynasty. It is not an omni-directional description of the bureaucratic personnel problems of this dynasty, such as the establishment and number of the various bureaucracies, the salaries of officials, the absence and promotion of officials and other issues have not been discussed. This paper attempts to use the viewpoints of political sociology and political histology, combining with the method of quantitative historiography, to discuss Yongzheng from four aspects: the introduction system and the emperor's bureaucratic and personnel power, the recommendation and supplement system and the governor's and town's personnel rights, the donation system and the educational background and age composition of the officials introduced by Yongzheng Dynasty, and the geographical distribution of the officials. The operation mechanism of bureaucratic personnel provides detailed information for the analysis of Chinese traditional political structure.
With the strengthening of centralization and imperial power, the introduction system of the Qing Dynasty was relatively complete by the time of Yongzheng. Yongzheng constantly attached great importance to the bureaucratic personnel power and created more introductions. The procuratorial power further broke the privilege of selecting officials from the Eight Banners and promoted the process of bureaucratization of the Eight Banners.However, it is impossible for Yong Zheng to monitor all officials closely with the strength of one person with the vast number of officials in China. In the introduction, the emperor used special names for competent officials, simplified a small number of mediocre officials, changed their posts or stayed in the Ministry to inspect them. All these were decided by the emperor according to his own interview criteria. The emperor wanted to impress and judge many officials, to a great extent. In the practice of introducing and screening talents, Yong Zheng has formed his own unique interview techniques based on his own "prior experience", such as appearance characteristics, regional and national characteristics, and analogy with archetypal characters.
The system of preservation and supplement for civil and military officials is an important feature of Qing Dynasty politics. This paper makes a comprehensive review and classification of the preservation system of Yongzheng Dynasty, and holds that the scope of supplement for civil and military officials is wider than that of Kangxi Dynasty.
It is estimated that the green ratio of Yong Zheng, Qian Long and Jiaqing three military officers in the Qing Dynasty is estimated and calculated.
The ratio of inscriptions to supplements of military officers increased by about 5 percentage points per dynasty, reflecting the increasing trend of personnel power in the town of Superintendent Ti.
When carrying out the title preservation system, Yong Zheng was not afraid of all kinship relations, and even encouraged relatives to be recommended.
At the same time, Yong Zheng also strictly protects the joint and several liability of the subjects, and severely punish private and indiscriminate acts.
The main function of the system is to overcome the drawbacks of the imperial examination system in terms of taking the advantages of people, focusing on energy, taking people by virtue and having "technical officials".
Some scholars generally say that the selection of officials in ancient China emphasized literary accomplishment rather than administrative ability.
There is a doubt about it. The Qing Dynasty had vast territory, rapid economic development, rapid population growth, and complicated administrative affairs.
It is very difficult for the Ministry of justice and the Ministry of justice to unify personnel arrangements, appropriately decentralization, and empower officials to improve the rule of the great empire.
The core of the system is the ministers and officials, but the personnel rights of the departments are weakened.
Officials should be subject to qualifications, tenure and other conditions, and the emperor's monitoring.
It is impossible to be truly talented. Most of the staff members are actually careless when recommending.
Keeping the title is a political and personnel factor for officials to enter the office. Besides, economic and cultural factors are also important.
The economic factors of entering the government are mainly manifested in donation. This paper examines the various donation banks introduced by the officials of the Yongzheng Dynasty.
In order to sum up the total number of contributions to the Yong Zheng Dynasty, we also try to speculate and correct some mistakes made by predecessors.
The factors are the basic conditions for entering the government. This paper discusses the academic composition of the officials introduced by Yongzheng and the academic records of the officials at all levels.
Statistical analysis shows that the higher the educational level is, the more likely the officer is, and the higher the grade of his post is.
On the basis of statistical data, the age structure of Yong Zheng and Wen Wu officials was also analyzed.
Cultural, personnel and economic three election officials and the comprehensive role of government regulation determine the civilian officials.
Geographical distribution. The dumbbell-shaped region with the ends of Shuntianfu and Jiangnan is the whole country.
The area where officials are most concentrated is one of the two political centers, one is the economic and cultural center, the other is the government.
The measures of restraining the north from the South eventually created the dumbbell poles. Most of the provincial political talent centers are provincial capitals and large ones.
To some extent, this phenomenon is also counter-productive.
It reflects the irrationality of the local administrative divisions. The distribution of military officers is mainly influenced by the northwest and southeast coastal defense.
Shaanxi and Fujian are the two most.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2003
【分類號】：K249.2
【引證文獻】
相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條
1 朱曦;《雍正朝內(nèi)閣六科史書·吏科》中官員請假制度執(zhí)行研究[D];華東師范大學(xué);2007年
本文編號：2236776
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