【摘要】：以往關(guān)于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)決策的研究大多將每個(gè)備擇方案的結(jié)果和相應(yīng)概率以文字或圖表形式直接呈現(xiàn)給決策者。通過(guò)上述方式呈現(xiàn)的信息被研究者們稱為描述信息。但在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中,人們并非或不僅僅依靠描述信息進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)決策,在很多情境中,人們利用自身經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)結(jié)果發(fā)生的可能性進(jìn)行判斷,從而做出風(fēng)險(xiǎn)決策,即基于經(jīng)驗(yàn)信息做風(fēng)險(xiǎn)決策。而相關(guān)研究顯示基于描述信息和基于經(jīng)驗(yàn)信息做出的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)決策是存在差異的。本文通過(guò)三個(gè)研究探討了在單獨(dú)或同時(shí)呈現(xiàn)描述、經(jīng)驗(yàn)信息時(shí),兩類信息對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)決策的影響存在何種差異。研究一單獨(dú)呈現(xiàn)描述信息和經(jīng)驗(yàn)信息,并沿用Hertwig等人使用的抽樣范式呈現(xiàn)后者。結(jié)果顯示基于描述信息的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)決策結(jié)果符合預(yù)期理論�；诮�(jīng)驗(yàn)信息的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)決策結(jié)果與前者不同,在中高概率獲益情景中,相比于描述信息,被試在基于經(jīng)驗(yàn)信息做決策時(shí)更冒險(xiǎn)。此現(xiàn)象在群體和個(gè)體水平都得到了驗(yàn)證。研究二中實(shí)驗(yàn)組同時(shí)接受兩類信息,對(duì)照組僅接受其中一類信息。結(jié)果表明實(shí)驗(yàn)組被試的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)決策結(jié)果與僅接受經(jīng)驗(yàn)信息組被試的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)決策結(jié)果無(wú)顯著差異,而與僅接受描述信息組的差異顯著,被試的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)決策結(jié)果受經(jīng)驗(yàn)信息的影響更大。主觀估計(jì)概率和決策后報(bào)告的經(jīng)驗(yàn)信息影響權(quán)重也都驗(yàn)證了上述結(jié)論。研究三采用更真實(shí)的抽球?qū)嶒?yàn)呈現(xiàn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)信息,結(jié)果重復(fù)驗(yàn)證了在同時(shí)接受兩類信息時(shí),被試的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)決策和主觀概率估計(jì)受經(jīng)驗(yàn)信息的影響更大。此外,研究三也探究了對(duì)描述信息信任程度是否中介了兩類信息提供概率的偏離程度對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)決策的影響。結(jié)果表明僅在經(jīng)驗(yàn)信息對(duì)應(yīng)的概率高于描述信息時(shí),對(duì)描述信息信任程度起到了中介作用,即經(jīng)驗(yàn)概率高于描述概率的程度越大,被試對(duì)描述信息信任度越低,從而更偏好于選擇風(fēng)險(xiǎn)選項(xiàng)。以上結(jié)論為描述-經(jīng)驗(yàn)差距提供了新的證據(jù),且驗(yàn)證了兩類信息同時(shí)呈現(xiàn)時(shí),經(jīng)驗(yàn)信息對(duì)人們的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)決策和主觀概率估計(jì)影響更大,并初步探索了其中的機(jī)制。上述研究結(jié)論啟示我們應(yīng)關(guān)注經(jīng)驗(yàn)信息在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)決策中的作用。
[Abstract]:Most of the previous studies on risk decision have presented the results of each alternative scheme and the corresponding probability directly to the decision makers in the form of text or chart. The information presented in this way is referred to by researchers as descriptive information. But in real life, people do not or not rely on descriptive information to make risk decisions. In many situations, people use their own experience to judge the possibility of the outcome and make risk decisions. That is, based on empirical information to make risk decisions. Relevant studies show that there are differences in risk decisions based on descriptive information and empirical information. Through three studies, this paper discusses the difference between the two kinds of information when presenting the description and experience information separately or simultaneously, and how the two kinds of information affect the risk decision making. A separate presentation description and empirical information was studied and the latter was presented using the sampling paradigm used by Hertwig et al. The results show that the risk decision results based on descriptive information are in line with the expected theory. The result of risk decision based on empirical information is different from that of the former. In the case of medium and high probability benefit scenario, the participants are more adventurous in making decisions based on empirical information than in describing information. This phenomenon has been verified at both group and individual levels. In study 2, the experimental group received two types of information, while the control group received only one type of information. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the results of risk decision in the experimental group and those in the group receiving only empirical information, but there was a significant difference between the results of risk decision and that of the group receiving only descriptive information, and the results of the risk decision of the subjects were more affected by the information of experience. The above conclusions are verified by subjective estimation probability and the weight of empirical information reported after decision making. In the third study, the empirical information was presented by a more real pumping experiment. The results showed that the risk decision and subjective probability estimation of the subjects were more affected by the empirical information when the two types of information were accepted simultaneously. In addition, the third study also explores whether the degree of confidence in describing information mediates the influence of the deviation degree of the two types of information providing probability on risk decision-making. The results show that only when the corresponding probability of empirical information is higher than that of descriptive information, it plays an intermediary role in the degree of confidence in descriptive information, that is, the greater the degree of empirical probability is higher than the degree of description probability, the lower the trust degree of descriptive information is. Thus prefer to choose the risk option. The above conclusions provide new evidence for the descriptive-empirical gap and verify that when two types of information are presented at the same time, the empirical information has a greater impact on people's risk decision and subjective probability estimation, and the mechanism is preliminarily explored. These conclusions suggest that we should pay attention to the role of empirical information in risk decision-making.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：B848

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