【摘要】：自發(fā)特質(zhì)推理是指個體在沒有特定目的甚至在完全沒意識到的情況下,根據(jù)他人的行為信息推論其人格特質(zhì)、形成印象的過程,是一種內(nèi)隱的推理過程。最近幾十年,自發(fā)特質(zhì)推理的研究在社會認(rèn)知研究中占有重要地位。傳統(tǒng)的行為實驗任務(wù)對自發(fā)特質(zhì)推理的普遍性特征進(jìn)行了探討,盡管在很大程度上可以對自發(fā)特質(zhì)推理的存在性加以證實,但是卻難以對神經(jīng)基礎(chǔ)與腦機制進(jìn)行清楚地說明。近些年以來,隨著腦成像技術(shù)的逐漸推廣,社會認(rèn)知神經(jīng)科學(xué)也逐漸普及并獲得較為繁榮的進(jìn)步,這一系列的因素也使得對自發(fā)特質(zhì)推理的腦機制與神經(jīng)機制的探索逐漸演變?yōu)樯鐣J(rèn)知神經(jīng)科學(xué)的重點研究領(lǐng)域。 自發(fā)推理出來的特質(zhì)是對行為者的身份的一種表征,還是僅僅只是記住了面孔和行為的簡單同現(xiàn)?有關(guān)這兩種可能性都有著大量的實驗證據(jù)支持,但自發(fā)特質(zhì)推理建立的聯(lián)結(jié)的指向依舊還在爭論中。理論上,以往有關(guān)自發(fā)特質(zhì)推理的研究多采用行為研究范式來探討自發(fā)特質(zhì)推理的指向性問題,少有人采用事件相關(guān)電位(ERPs)技術(shù)來尋求有關(guān)指向性問題的腦神經(jīng)證據(jù)。 本研究結(jié)合行為實驗和事件相關(guān)電位技術(shù),以大學(xué)生為被試,使用E-prime編程和NeuroScan37導(dǎo)ERP記錄和分析系統(tǒng)探討了自發(fā)特質(zhì)推理的指向性。實驗1和實驗2采用改編過的錯誤再認(rèn)范式,探討了自發(fā)特質(zhì)推理的指向性問題。實驗3借鑒Bartholow等人(2001,2003)的實驗范式,自編材料,結(jié)合ERP技術(shù),從神經(jīng)機制的角度探討了自發(fā)特質(zhì)推理的指向性問題。 研究結(jié)果如下： (1)被試對行為者隱含特質(zhì)判斷反應(yīng)時高于其他人,被試對行為者面孔錯誤再認(rèn)率顯著高于其他人,表明行為者比其他人更具特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)優(yōu)勢效應(yīng)。 (2)被試對行為者隱含特質(zhì)判斷反應(yīng)時顯著高于靜止物體,被試對行為者面孔錯誤再認(rèn)率顯著高于靜止物體,表明行為者比靜止物體更具特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)優(yōu)勢效應(yīng)。 (3)在ERPs早期成分上,行為者相比較其他人誘發(fā)了更大的波幅以及更長的潛伏期。在P3早成分和晚成分上,其他人相較行為者誘發(fā)了更大的波幅以及較短的潛伏期。一定程度上表明行為者比其他人更具特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)優(yōu)勢效應(yīng)。 以上研究結(jié)果表明：自發(fā)特質(zhì)推理存在行為者聯(lián)結(jié)優(yōu)勢效應(yīng)。本研究探討自發(fā)特質(zhì)推理的指向性問題,旨為自發(fā)特質(zhì)推理的研究提供一定的理論支撐和實證證據(jù)。此外,自發(fā)特質(zhì)推理在人際交往、求職應(yīng)聘中發(fā)揮著重要的參考作用。
[Abstract]:Spontaneous trait reasoning is an implicit reasoning process in which individuals infer their personality traits and form impressions according to the behavior information of others without any specific purpose or even without being aware of it. In recent decades, spontaneous trait reasoning plays an important role in the study of social cognition. The traditional behavior experiment task discusses the universal characteristics of spontaneous trait reasoning. Although the existence of spontaneous trait reasoning can be confirmed to a great extent, it is difficult to clearly explain the neural basis and brain mechanism. In recent years, with the gradual spread of brain imaging technology, social cognitive neuroscience is gradually popularizing and making more prosperous progress. This series of factors also make the exploration of brain mechanism and neural mechanism of spontaneous trait reasoning become the key research field of social cognitive neuroscience. Is the spontaneous inferential trait a representation of the identity of the actor, or is it merely a reflection of the face and the simple cooccurrence of the behavior? There is plenty of experimental evidence to support both possibilities, but the direction of the association of spontaneous trait reasoning is still in dispute. In theory, previous researches on spontaneous trait reasoning mostly use behavioral research paradigm to explore the directivity of spontaneous trait reasoning, and few people use event-related potential (ERPs) technology to search for the brain nerve evidence about the directional problem. Based on behavioral experiments and event-related potentials, this study explored the directivity of spontaneous trait reasoning by using E-prime programming and NeuroScan37 ERP recording and analysis system. Experiments 1 and 2 discuss the directionality of spontaneous trait reasoning using the adapted error recognition paradigm. Based on the experimental paradigm of Bartholow et al. (2001 / 2003) and ERP technique, this paper discusses the directivity of spontaneous trait reasoning from the point of view of neural mechanism. The results are as follows: (1) the responses of the participants to the implicit trait judgment of the behavior were higher than those of the others, and the false recognition rate of the participants' faces was significantly higher than that of the others. The results showed that the behavior had more trait association advantage than others. (2) the reaction time of implicit trait judgment to the behavior was significantly higher than that of the static object, and the false recognition rate of the behavior face was significantly higher than that of the static object. The results show that the behavior has more characteristic association advantage than the static object. (3) in the early components of ERPs, the actor induces a larger amplitude and a longer latency than others. In the early and late components of P3, the others induced a larger amplitude and a shorter latency than the actors. To a certain extent, it shows that the actor has more special connective advantage than others. The above results show that spontaneous trait reasoning has the effect of associative dominance. The purpose of this study is to provide theoretical support and empirical evidence for the study of spontaneous trait reasoning. In addition, spontaneous trait reasoning plays an important role in interpersonal communication and job application.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：寧夏大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：B842

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