【摘要】：睡眠不僅具有重要的生理意義,在人的認(rèn)知過(guò)程中也扮演著重要角色。研究表明,學(xué)習(xí)后立即進(jìn)入睡眠,相較于學(xué)習(xí)后保持同等時(shí)間的覺醒,有助于記憶的保持和提高,睡眠對(duì)于記憶的這種鞏固作用被稱為睡眠依賴性記憶鞏固。隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),老年人的記憶功能逐漸下降;同時(shí),老年人在老化的進(jìn)程中伴隨著睡眠時(shí)長(zhǎng)的減少,睡眠片段化增加,睡眠效率下降以及慢波睡眠顯著減少等睡眠功能的損傷。因此,依賴于記憶和睡眠的睡眠依賴性記憶鞏固功能在老化進(jìn)程中的變化引起了研究者的廣泛關(guān)注。盡管大量研究證據(jù)表明睡眠依賴性記憶鞏固效應(yīng)在老化過(guò)程中受損,但是由于受到記憶類型、睡眠階段、記憶提取方式等因素的影響,研究結(jié)果并不一致。此外,研究表明情緒對(duì)記憶鞏固具有促進(jìn)作用,即與中性記憶材料相比,情緒記憶材料不僅能得到更深程度的編碼也能在隨后被更好地提取。近年來(lái),關(guān)于睡眠依賴性情緒記憶鞏固的研究結(jié)果表明,相較于中性記憶的鞏固,睡眠對(duì)情緒記憶鞏固的促進(jìn)作用更大,并且這種促進(jìn)作用存在時(shí)間上的延遲效應(yīng)。然而,睡眠依賴性情緒記憶鞏固受老化影響的機(jī)制尚未闡明。前人研究普遍支持老年人在情緒加工過(guò)程中的正性情緒偏向,即在記憶、注意、決策等領(lǐng)域老年人表現(xiàn)出對(duì)正性刺激的偏向和對(duì)負(fù)性刺激的規(guī)避現(xiàn)象。然而老年人的睡眠依賴性情緒記憶鞏固中是否同樣存在正性情緒偏向尚未有研究進(jìn)行過(guò)探討。鑒于此,我們針對(duì)上述研究目的開展了以下三項(xiàng)研究:研究一采用元分析技術(shù),探討睡眠依賴性記憶鞏固的年齡效應(yīng)。通過(guò)文獻(xiàn)篩選后,共15篇文獻(xiàn)包含22個(gè)研究被納入該元分析中。研究首先比較了年輕人和老年人睡眠依賴性記憶鞏固效應(yīng)的差異;接著分記憶類型考察了睡眠依賴性記憶鞏固的年齡差異;最后在睡眠條件和覺醒條件下探索了年齡差異的真正來(lái)源。研究結(jié)果表明,睡眠依賴性記憶鞏固在老化過(guò)程中受損,且主要表現(xiàn)在陳述性記憶方面,而顯著的年齡的效應(yīng)主要由被試在睡眠條件下的記憶差異造成。研究二從老年人對(duì)正性刺激偏向的角度考察老年人睡眠依賴性鞏固的正性情緒偏向效應(yīng)。結(jié)果表明,學(xué)習(xí)后睡眠有利于促進(jìn)年輕人中性記憶的鞏固,而對(duì)于老年人來(lái)說(shuō),睡眠選擇性地促進(jìn)了老年人正性情緒記憶的鞏固,提示老年人的睡眠依賴性記憶鞏固存在正性情緒偏向。此外,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)深度睡眠比例和年輕人負(fù)性情緒記憶保留量之間呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),但這種相關(guān)在老年人當(dāng)中并不顯著,提示老年人睡眠依賴性記憶鞏固中的正性情緒偏向可能與深度睡眠和負(fù)性記憶之間連接的中斷有關(guān)。研究三從老年人對(duì)負(fù)性刺激規(guī)避的角度考察老年人睡眠依賴性鞏固的正性情緒偏向效應(yīng)。結(jié)果表明,相較于學(xué)習(xí)后保持覺醒,學(xué)習(xí)后睡眠的年輕人對(duì)負(fù)性圖片的空間位置的遺忘率高于對(duì)中性圖片空間位置的遺忘率;而老年人對(duì)負(fù)性圖片的空間位置的遺忘率低于對(duì)中性圖片空間位置的遺忘率。這些研究結(jié)果表明老年人在睡眠依賴性記憶上存在正性情緒偏向:老年人由于對(duì)圖片負(fù)性情緒的規(guī)避,對(duì)圖片空間位置的注意更多,而年輕人由于過(guò)多地被圖片的負(fù)性情緒所吸引,減少了對(duì)圖片空間位置的注意,導(dǎo)致了睡眠后對(duì)兩種效價(jià)圖片的空間位置記憶的差異。綜合以上研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):相比于年輕人,睡眠對(duì)老年人記憶鞏固的促進(jìn)作用受損,且睡眠依賴性記憶鞏固的年齡差異主要體現(xiàn)在陳述性記憶上;老年人在睡眠依賴性記憶鞏固中也存在正性情緒偏向效應(yīng)。本研究首次量化了睡眠依賴性記憶鞏固受年老化影響的研究結(jié)果,進(jìn)而考察了老化過(guò)程中情緒對(duì)睡眠依賴性記憶鞏固的影響。在豐富老化影響睡眠依賴性記憶鞏固的研究證據(jù)的同時(shí),也對(duì)睡眠依賴性記憶鞏固背后的神經(jīng)機(jī)制研究和老年人的認(rèn)知干預(yù)研究提供了一定的理論基礎(chǔ)。
[Abstract]:Sleep not only has important physiological significance, but also plays an important role in the cognitive process. Studies have shown that sleep immediately after learning helps to maintain and improve memory compared with waking up at the same time after learning. With the increase of sleep duration, sleep fragmentation, sleep efficiency and slow-wave sleep, the memory-dependent memory consolidation is impaired in the aging process. Although a large number of studies have shown that sleep-dependent memory consolidation is impaired during aging, the results are inconsistent due to memory types, sleep stages, and memory retrieval methods. In recent years, studies on the consolidation of sleep-dependent emotional memory have shown that compared with the consolidation of neutral memory, sleep has a greater effect on the consolidation of emotional memory, and this effect exists when compared with the consolidation of neutral memory. Previous studies have generally supported the positive emotional bias in the emotional processing of the elderly, i.e. memory, attention, decision-making and other areas of the elderly showing a bias towards positive stimuli and avoidance of negative stimuli. In view of this, we carried out the following three studies for the purpose of this study: 1. To explore the age-related effects of sleep-dependent memory consolidation using meta-analysis techniques. A total of 15 literature packages were screened. Twenty-two studies were included in the meta-analysis. The study first compared the differences in the consolidation effects of sleep-dependent memory between young and old people; then examined the age differences in the consolidation of sleep-dependent memory by memory types; and finally explored the true sources of age differences under sleep and waking conditions. Dependent memory consolidation was impaired during aging and mainly manifested in declarative memory, while significant age-related effects were mainly caused by memory differences during sleep. Postschool sleep is beneficial to the consolidation of neutral memory in young adults, but for the elderly, sleep selectively promotes the consolidation of positive emotional memory in the elderly, suggesting that there is a positive emotional bias in the consolidation of sleep-dependent memory in the elderly. In addition, the study found a relationship between the proportion of deep sleep and the retention of negative emotional memory in young adults. There was a significant negative correlation, but this correlation was not significant in the elderly, suggesting that the positive emotional bias in the consolidation of sleep-dependent memory in the elderly may be related to the interruption of the connection between deep sleep and negative memory. The results showed that the spatial forgetting rate of negative pictures was higher than that of neutral pictures, while the spatial forgetting rate of negative pictures was lower than that of neutral pictures. There is a positive emotional bias in sleep-dependent memory: the elderly pay more attention to the spatial location of pictures because of the avoidance of negative emotions of pictures, while the young are attracted to the negative emotions of pictures too much, which reduces the attention to the spatial location of pictures, resulting in the spatial location of the two valence pictures after sleep. In summary, the results show that sleep impairs memory consolidation in older adults, and the age difference of sleep-dependent memory consolidation is mainly manifested in declarative memory. There is also a positive emotional bias effect in sleep-dependent memory consolidation in older adults. This study quantifies sleep for the first time. In addition to enriching the evidence of the effect of aging on the consolidation of sleep-dependent memory, we also studied the neural mechanism behind the consolidation of sleep-dependent memory and the cognitive intervention of the elderly. The study provides a theoretical basis.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：B842.3

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