本文選題：工作記憶廣度 + 選擇性注意　； 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：工作記憶是一種對(duì)信息進(jìn)行暫時(shí)加工和儲(chǔ)存的能量有限的記憶系統(tǒng)。工作記憶的一個(gè)最重要的特征就是廣度有限性,這個(gè)廣度的限制,也就是工作記憶廣度。工作記憶廣度是高度有限的,通常只能同時(shí)保存3-4個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單項(xiàng)目[1]。工作記憶廣度反映了個(gè)體的核心認(rèn)知能力,影響個(gè)體在很多認(rèn)知任務(wù)中的表現(xiàn)。 工作記憶與注意是兩個(gè)關(guān)系密切的認(rèn)知過(guò)程。注意依賴于兩個(gè)主要的模式,也就是對(duì)環(huán)境中什么信息將要被選擇或者被忽略的控制的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。注意可能由于個(gè)體的搜索目標(biāo)而能夠策略的捕獲,也就是自上而下的信號(hào)[2]。注意也可能被具有突出特征的刺激自動(dòng)捕獲,盡管與被試的目標(biāo)無(wú)關(guān),這就是自下而上的信號(hào)[3]。盡管自動(dòng)捕獲對(duì)于選擇環(huán)境中潛在刺激是重要的生態(tài)學(xué)機(jī)制,但是,許多認(rèn)知任務(wù)都需要抑制能夠吸引注意或者與目標(biāo)有關(guān)的無(wú)關(guān)刺激的能力。也就是說(shuō),個(gè)體抑制無(wú)關(guān)刺激的能力是個(gè)體完成任務(wù)的重要因素[4]。 人類在執(zhí)行認(rèn)知任務(wù)時(shí)需要變化許多能力,這些變化的一個(gè)重要來(lái)源是個(gè)體工作記憶廣度。最近的一些研究提出工作記憶廣度是注意控制一個(gè)重要的協(xié)變量,Vogel[5]在2008年曾提出,將個(gè)體工作記憶廣度差異作為認(rèn)知理論研究的接入點(diǎn)。而工作記憶廣度的注意執(zhí)行理論提出,由于工作記憶廣度對(duì)一般注意能力的重要性,對(duì)工作記憶廣度廣泛的測(cè)查能夠預(yù)測(cè)較高級(jí)的認(rèn)知能力[6]。最近的研究[7][8](9]證明注意能力是與工作記憶廣度共變的：高工作記憶廣度個(gè)體較低工作記憶廣度個(gè)體在注意搜索中表現(xiàn)出更大的優(yōu)勢(shì),在搜索中較少地依賴于工作記憶內(nèi)容。低工作記憶廣度個(gè)體更容易受到干擾刺激的影響,被與工作記憶內(nèi)容相匹配的項(xiàng)目所吸引。相對(duì)于低工作記憶廣度個(gè)體,高工作記憶廣度個(gè)體能夠更迅速地從無(wú)關(guān)注意中脫離。 實(shí)驗(yàn)1在“記憶—搜索”雙任務(wù)范式的基礎(chǔ)上,初步探索在較短的延遲時(shí)間條件下高低工作記憶廣度個(gè)體在脫離由工作記憶內(nèi)容相匹配的項(xiàng)目引起的自動(dòng)捕獲上的時(shí)間差異。對(duì)于工作記憶廣度的測(cè)量采取變化覺(jué)察范式,變化序列搜索項(xiàng)目(4個(gè)、6個(gè)或者8個(gè)),每個(gè)被試在每種序列條件下的正確率都按照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)公式轉(zhuǎn)換成工作記憶廣度估計(jì)值[10],取工作記憶廣度值前后27%的被試錄入分析。實(shí)驗(yàn)1將搜索延遲的時(shí)間設(shè)置為150ms和300ms,將工作記憶內(nèi)容與搜索目標(biāo)匹配關(guān)系設(shè)為與干擾和中性,以探索高低工作記憶廣度個(gè)體在延遲時(shí)間是300ms內(nèi)能否脫離由工作記憶內(nèi)容引起的注意的自動(dòng)捕獲。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)：高低工作記憶廣度個(gè)體在延遲時(shí)間0ms、150ms和300ms條件下均出現(xiàn)注意的自動(dòng)捕獲效應(yīng),未發(fā)生注意的脫離。 實(shí)驗(yàn)2在較長(zhǎng)的延遲時(shí)間條件下進(jìn)一步探索高低工作記憶廣度個(gè)體能否在更長(zhǎng)的延遲時(shí)間內(nèi)脫離由工作記憶內(nèi)容相匹配的項(xiàng)目引起的自動(dòng)捕獲,延遲時(shí)間在實(shí)驗(yàn)1的基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)置為300ms和600ms。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)：實(shí)驗(yàn)2的結(jié)果在一定程度上驗(yàn)證了之前的假設(shè),對(duì)于低工作記憶廣度個(gè)體,當(dāng)延遲時(shí)間為300ms和600ms時(shí),仍出現(xiàn)注意的自動(dòng)捕獲效應(yīng),未發(fā)生注意脫離；但對(duì)于高工作記憶廣度個(gè)體,當(dāng)延遲時(shí)間為300ms時(shí),表現(xiàn)為注意的自動(dòng)捕獲效應(yīng),未發(fā)生注意脫離；當(dāng)延遲時(shí)間為600ms時(shí),表現(xiàn)為注意的策略抑制效應(yīng),已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了注意脫離。 實(shí)驗(yàn)3試圖在電生理指標(biāo)上找到更有力的證據(jù),選取腦電指標(biāo)P1/N1波幅,設(shè)置脫離時(shí)間為150ms、300ms和600ms,從而進(jìn)一步證明高低工作記憶度個(gè)體在脫離由工作記憶內(nèi)容相匹配的項(xiàng)目引起的自動(dòng)捕獲上的時(shí)間差異。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)：不管是行為結(jié)果還是腦電結(jié)果,在延遲時(shí)間150ms、300ms和600ms的條件下,高低工作記憶廣度均未出未發(fā)生注意的脫離,沒(méi)有明顯的P1/N1效應(yīng)。 本研究表明,高低工作記憶廣度個(gè)體在脫離由工作記憶內(nèi)容匹配的項(xiàng)目的注意的自動(dòng)捕獲效應(yīng)上存在差異,在300ms以內(nèi)的延遲時(shí)間,高低廣度個(gè)體均未發(fā)生注意的脫離,在600ms的延遲時(shí)間,高廣度個(gè)體能夠脫離與工作記憶內(nèi)容相匹配的項(xiàng)目引起的自動(dòng)捕獲,低廣度個(gè)體則不能。這進(jìn)一步證明了視覺(jué)工作記憶對(duì)選擇性注意的影響受工作記憶廣度的調(diào)控。當(dāng)延遲時(shí)間足夠長(zhǎng)的時(shí)候,高工作記憶廣度個(gè)體由于其優(yōu)異的注意控制能力,優(yōu)先完成認(rèn)知控制,從而能夠脫離工作記憶內(nèi)容引起的自動(dòng)捕獲,自上而下影響的認(rèn)知控制己經(jīng)完成。低工作記憶廣度的個(gè)體仍然不能完成其認(rèn)知控制的過(guò)程,依然表現(xiàn)為由于項(xiàng)目特征所帶來(lái)的優(yōu)先加工效應(yīng)。
[Abstract]:Working memory is a kind of memory system with limited energy for temporary processing and storage of information . One of the most important features of working memory is the limitation of breadth , which is the breadth of working memory . The breadth of working memory is limited , and usually only 3 - 4 simple items can be saved at the same time . The breadth of working memory reflects the core cognitive ability of the individual and affects the individual ' s performance in many cognitive tasks .

Working memory and attention are two close cognitive processes . Note that depending on the two main patterns , i.e . , the competition for what information in the environment is to be selected or ignored . Note that the capture of policies may be policy due to individual search objectives , i.e . , top - down signals . Note that it is also possible to be automatically captured by stimulation with protruding features , although not related to the target being tested , which is a bottom - up signal . Although automatic capture is an important ecological mechanism for selecting potential stimuli in the selection environment , many cognitive tasks need to inhibit the ability to attract attention or unrelated stimuli associated with the target . That is , the ability of individuals to suppress irrelevant stimuli is an important factor in individual fulfilment of tasks .

In the last few researches , the importance of working memory breadth to the general attention ability is pointed out , and the wide range of working memory can predict the higher level of cognitive ability . Low working memory span individuals are more susceptible to interference stimuli than those matched to working memory contents . In individuals with low working memory , individuals with high working memory span can be more quickly separated from unrelated attention .

On the basis of the dual task paradigm of " memory - search " , the experiment 1 preliminarily explores the time difference between the high and low working memory span individuals on the automatic capture caused by the items matched with the working memory contents under short delay time conditions . The accuracy rate of each test under each sequence condition is converted into a working memory breadth estimation value , and then the automatic capture of attention caused by the working memory content is obtained . The experiment 1 sets the search delay time to 150 ms and 300 ms to explore whether the high and low working memory span individual can be separated from the attention caused by the working memory content within 300 ms . The result shows that the automatic trapping effect which is noticed by the high and low working memory breadth individuals in the delay time of 0 ms , 150 ms and 300 ms is not noticed .

The results show that the results of experiment 2 are 300 ms and 600 ms on the basis of experiment 1 . It is found that the results of experiment 2 have verified the previous assumption to some extent , and the automatic trapping effect which still occurs when the delay time is 300ms and 600ms is verified to some extent .
However , for individuals with high working memory span , when the delay time is 300ms , the automatic trapping effect is noticed , and no attention is noticed .
When the delay time is 600ms , attention is given to the policy inhibition effect , and attention has been paid to the detachment .

The experiment 3 tried to find more powerful evidence on the electrophysiological index , select the amplitude of the brain electrical index P1 / N1 , set the detachment time to 150ms , 300ms and 600ms , and further prove that the low - low working memory individuals are separated from the time difference caused by the items matched with the working memory contents .

This study shows that the difference between the high and low working memory span individuals is different from the automatic capture effect of the items matched by the working memory contents , the delay time within 300 ms and the individual of high and low degree are not noticed . When the delay time is long enough , the high - breadth individual can get out of the auto - capture caused by the project matching with the working memory content . When the delay time is long enough , the high - span individual can get away from the automatic capture caused by the working memory content , and the cognitive control with low working memory span can not complete the process of cognitive control , and still shows the priority processing effect due to the project characteristics .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：B842

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 張明;張陽(yáng);;工作記憶與選擇性注意的交互關(guān)系[J];心理科學(xué)進(jìn)展;2007年01期

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本文編號(hào)：2090255