發(fā)布時間：2018-06-02 15:43

  本文選題：情緒面孔 + 視覺搜索��； 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：注意資源和感覺通道信息加工能力有限性使得人們往往只能關(guān)注于周圍環(huán)境中最重要的部分,這也促使人們通過選擇性注意來優(yōu)先加工與個人相關(guān)或具有顯著性意義的信息。然而哪些信息是與個人生存、發(fā)展相關(guān)的顯著性信息呢?以往的研究表明,情緒性刺激在注意選擇過程中扮演著非常重要的角色,對比中性刺激,個體更加傾向于注意那些帶有情緒色彩的信息,這種注意的啟動甚至是以一種自動化、無意識的方式運作的。在情緒性刺激之中,又可以根據(jù)效價區(qū)分為正性、負(fù)性刺激。由于負(fù)性刺激,特別是威脅性刺激對于個體的生存與發(fā)展具有至關(guān)重要的作用,個體進(jìn)行不同效價的情緒刺激加工時,往往會優(yōu)先加工負(fù)性刺激的信息,使得負(fù)性刺激在強化感知覺能力方面更具優(yōu)勢,這一現(xiàn)象也被稱為“負(fù)性偏向”效應(yīng)。這種效應(yīng)在很多行為范式中進(jìn)行了研究,例如在視覺搜索范式中,當(dāng)目標(biāo)刺激帶有情緒色彩或威脅性信息,對比中性目標(biāo)及友善性刺激,它們被探測的速度更快也更準(zhǔn)確。其他的注意范式中的研究,如注意瞬脫、Stroop范式、點探測范式等也表明情緒刺激尤其是負(fù)性情緒能夠獲得更多的加工資源。 隨著認(rèn)知神經(jīng)成像技術(shù)的發(fā)展,越來越多的研究采用功能性磁共振(fMRI)和事件相關(guān)電位(ERP)技術(shù)來探討情緒對感知覺影響的神經(jīng)機制。fMRI技術(shù)提供了高精度的空間分辨率,研究表明情緒會調(diào)制杏仁核和感覺加工通道間的反饋通路,并且通過調(diào)節(jié)額頂注意網(wǎng)絡(luò)的參與來加工情緒性刺激。對比fMRI而言,ERP技術(shù)則提供了觀測大腦在短時程內(nèi)進(jìn)行不同認(rèn)知加工過程的窗口。研究表明在情緒加工過程中,早期的感知覺加工成分,中期、晚期的涉及注意、認(rèn)知資源的成分都會受到情緒的調(diào)制。但以往的ERP研究也存在一些尚待解決的問題,例如早期的面孔加工成分N170是否受到情緒的調(diào)制沒有統(tǒng)一的定論,晚期認(rèn)知成分P300在情緒中的作用因采取的范式帶來的干擾效應(yīng)受到質(zhì)疑,而且大部分研究也缺乏對應(yīng)的行為證據(jù)的支撐。因此,在當(dāng)前研究中采用了高時間精確度的ERP技術(shù),結(jié)合可以避免以往范式帶來的一些干擾效應(yīng)的情緒面孔視覺搜索范式來證實情緒加工所涉及到對感覺通道、注意資源調(diào)控影響的神經(jīng)機制及其具體認(rèn)知加工流程,并提供行為數(shù)據(jù)的支持。 當(dāng)前研究采用ERP技術(shù)結(jié)合情緒面孔的視覺搜索范式。視覺搜索范式需要在同時呈現(xiàn)的多個刺激中尋找具有某一特征的目標(biāo)刺激,其余的則稱為分心物。研究中所采用的目標(biāo)刺激為情緒性面孔(威脅性面孔或友善性面孔),分心物則為中性面孔,被試的任務(wù)為在同時呈現(xiàn)的多個面孔中判斷是否存在不一致的面孔表情,即是否存在情緒性面孔。所有試次中,存在不一致面孔表情和均為一致面孔表情各占一半,而存在不一致面孔表情的試次中,目標(biāo)情緒為威脅性面孔和友善性面孔的試次各占一半。實驗的目的在于比較存在不一致面孔表情的試次中兩種不同效價的目標(biāo)情緒面孔出現(xiàn)時,被試進(jìn)行反應(yīng)的行為表現(xiàn)以及所記錄的腦電差異。根據(jù)前面所論述的研究思路,所涉及到的ERP成分,主要關(guān)注于早期的面孔特定加工成分N170,中期的表征視覺空間注意資源投入的N2pc,以及晚期的涉及到認(rèn)知資源調(diào)控的P300成分。經(jīng)過數(shù)據(jù)采集及分析后,發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)果如下： (1)行為表現(xiàn)上,在含有威脅性面孔的視覺搜索中,對比含有友善性面孔被試的反應(yīng)速度更快,并且更準(zhǔn)確,體現(xiàn)了威脅性面孔優(yōu)先加工的效應(yīng),表明威脅性面孔可以更好的強化被試的感知覺能力；(2)早期的ERP成分N170,作為面孔加工的特定成分,受到了情緒效價的調(diào)制,表現(xiàn)為威脅性面孔對比友善性面孔誘發(fā)了更大的波幅。除此,也存在與以往研究結(jié)果一致的右半球主導(dǎo)優(yōu)勢,即在右邊電極點產(chǎn)生了更大的N170波幅；(3)中期表征視覺空間注意資源投入的N2pc,受到了情緒效價的調(diào)制,表現(xiàn)為威脅性面孔對比友善性面孔誘發(fā)了更大的波幅,表明威脅性面孔開始吸引了更多的空間注意資源投入；(4)晚期表征認(rèn)知資源調(diào)控的P300也受到了情緒效價的調(diào)制,表現(xiàn)為威脅性面孔對比友善性面孔,其波幅更大,表明晚期的認(rèn)知資源也在持續(xù)的進(jìn)行投入,從而確保了對威脅性面孔的優(yōu)先加工。另外,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)目標(biāo)出現(xiàn)于左側(cè)時,對比右側(cè)P300的波幅更大。由于以往研究認(rèn)為P300成分源活動與額頂葉具有一定的對應(yīng)關(guān)系,表明晚期可能涉及到額頂控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)對情緒的進(jìn)一步加工；(5)在將行為表現(xiàn)與ERP波幅進(jìn)行關(guān)聯(lián)時,并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)早期和中期的波幅與行為表現(xiàn)相關(guān),只發(fā)現(xiàn)P300的波幅大小與行為反應(yīng)的快慢具有一定的對應(yīng)的關(guān)系,這在某種程度上也符合了前人所認(rèn)為的P300與行為反應(yīng)決策的相關(guān)。 情緒加工中所體現(xiàn)出的威脅性面孔優(yōu)先加工效應(yīng)及情緒對被試感知覺能力的影響可以從ERP不同時期的成分尋找到其存在的認(rèn)知加工流程的神經(jīng)機制。這種認(rèn)知加工過程涉及到情緒對早期的感覺加工成分的調(diào)制,以及中晚期注意資源的持續(xù)輸入,正是通過多種神經(jīng)機制在不同時間流程上參與共同導(dǎo)致了情緒對被試感知覺能力的調(diào)節(jié)。結(jié)果中表明的N170,P300所體現(xiàn)的情緒效價效應(yīng),則進(jìn)一步解決了前人關(guān)于這兩種波幅是否受到情緒調(diào)制的問題,行為數(shù)據(jù)的支撐也使得研究的結(jié)果更具有說服力。這為情緒加工的神經(jīng)機制流程所涉及的對感覺通道和注意資源的調(diào)控提供了直接而系統(tǒng)的證據(jù)。
[Abstract]:Attention to the limited processing capacity of resources and sensory channels makes people tend to focus only on the most important parts of the surrounding environment, which also encourages people to prioritize personal or significant information through selective attention. But what information is the significant information related to life and development? The previous studies have shown that emotional stimuli play a very important role in the process of attention selection. Compared to neutral stimuli, individuals are more inclined to pay attention to those emotional information. The start of this attention is even operated in an automated, unconscious manner. In emotional stimuli, it can be differentiated according to titer. It is a positive, negative stimulus. The negative stimulus, especially the threat stimulus, plays a vital role in the survival and development of the individual. When individual emotional stimuli are processed at different titers, the information of negative stimuli is often preceded, making negative stimuli more advantageous in the enhancement of perceptual ability. This phenomenon is also known as the phenomenon. It is a "negative bias" effect. This effect is studied in many behavior paradigms, such as in the visual search paradigm, when the target is stimulated with emotional or threatening information, compared to neutral targets and friendly stimuli, they are detected faster and more accurately. His attention paradigm, such as attention blink, Stroop Paradigms, point detection paradigms and so on also show that emotional stimuli, especially negative emotions, can acquire more processing resources.
With the development of cognitive neuroimaging technology, more and more studies have adopted functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) and event related potential (ERP) technology to explore the neural mechanism of the emotion effect on sensory perception, which provides high precision spatial resolution. The study shows that emotion will adjust the feedback pathways between the amygdala and sensory processing channels. In contrast to fMRI, ERP technology provides a window to observe the different cognitive processes of the brain during the short term. However, there are still some problems to be solved in the previous ERP research, such as whether the early face processing component N170 is not determined by the modulation of emotion, and the effect of the late cognitive component P300 in the mood is questioned by the paradigm of the paradigm, and most of the studies lack correspondence. Therefore, the high time precision ERP technology is used in the current research, and the emotional face visual search paradigm, which can avoid some interference effects from the previous paradigm, is used to confirm the neural mechanism and the specific cognitive processing flow of emotional processing. Provide support for behavioral data.
The current study uses the ERP technology to combine the visual search paradigm with emotional faces. The visual search paradigm needs to find a target stimulus with a certain feature in the multiple stimuli presented at the same time. The rest is called a distractor. The purpose of the study is to stimulate an emotional face (a threatening face or a friendly face), and the distractor is in the middle. The task is to determine whether there is an inconsistent face in the multiple faces that are presented at the same time, that is, whether there is an emotional face. The purpose of the experiment is to compare the performance of the two different target emotional faces with different facial expressions, and the behavioral performance of the response and the recorded EEG differences. According to the previous research ideas, the ERP components involved are mainly focused on the early stage. The specific processing component of the face, N170, N2pc in the medium of visual space attention resources, and the late P300 components involved in the regulation of cognitive resources. After data collection and analysis, the results are as follows:
(1) in the behavioral performance, in the visual search with a threatening face, the response rate of the subjects with friendly faces is faster and more accurate, reflecting the effect of the threat face priority processing, indicating that the threat face can better strengthen the perception ability of the subjects; (2) the early ERP component, as the special face processing. The definite component, which is modulated by the emotional valence, shows that the threat face contrasts the friendly face with the greater amplitude. In addition, there is a dominant dominance of the right hemisphere, which is consistent with the previous research results, that is, a larger N170 amplitude is produced at the right electrode point; (3) the N2pc in the visual space attention resource input in the metaphase surface is affected by the emotion. The potency modulation, which shows that the threat face contrasts the friendly face with the greater amplitude, indicates that the threatening face begins to attract more space attention resources; (4) the P300 of the late representation cognitive resource regulation is also modulated by the emotional validity, showing the greater amplitude of the threat face compared to the friendly face. The cognitive resources in the late Ming Dynasty are also continuing to invest, thus ensuring the priority of a threatening face. In addition, we found that when the target appears to the left, the amplitude of the contrast to the right P300 is greater. Since previous studies suggest that the activity of the P300 component has a certain corresponding relationship with the frontal parietal lobe, indicating that the late stage may involve the frontal control. Further processing of the mood of the network; (5) when the behavior performance is associated with the ERP amplitude, there is no correlation between the amplitude and the behavior in the early and middle stages. It is found that the amplitude of the P300 has a certain corresponding relationship with the speed of the behavior response, which in some degree also conforms to the P300 and the behavior of the predecessors. The decision should be related.
The effects of the threat face priority processing and the emotion on the perception ability of the subjects in the emotional processing can be found from the components of different periods of ERP to the cognitive processing process of the cognitive processing process. This cognitive process involves the modulation of emotional additive components in the early stage, and the attention resources in the middle and late stages. The continuous input, through a variety of neural mechanisms involved in different time processes, leads to the adjustment of emotion to the perceptual ability of the subjects. The result of the emotional titer effect shown by N170 and P300 further solves the problem of whether the two kinds of wave amplitude is modulated by emotion, and the support of behavioral data is also made. The results of the study are more convincing. This provides direct and systematic evidence for the regulation of sensory pathways and attention resources involved in the process of emotional processing.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：B842

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