本文選題：創(chuàng)造力 + 無意識思維��； 參考：《山西師范大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：根據Evans提出的雙系統(tǒng)加工模型,人類有兩種不同的思維方式,即基于聯(lián)結的,自下而上的無意識思維,以及基于規(guī)則和邏輯的,自上而下的有意識思維。創(chuàng)造力是產生被社會文化所接受的新穎且有實用價值的產品的能力,需要兩種思維方式共同參與。Dijksterhuis的無意識思維效應理論認為,無意識思維會表現出更高的創(chuàng)造力。相對于專心致志思考該問題的個體,那些完成一個分心任務而沒有機會專心思考的個體反而能夠做出更優(yōu)的決策。很多研究者采用與Dijksterhuis類似的實驗設計對無意識思維進行研究,卻發(fā)現他們無法重復出無意識思維效應,這說明存在其他因素影響實驗結果。由于兩種思維方式性質不同,相關因素(加工時間、任務難度等)對其影響也不盡相同。已有研究表明:在時間維度上,有意識思維與加工時間呈正相關,思考時間越長,被試的創(chuàng)造力越高。在任務難度維度上,有意識思維受到規(guī)則和容量的限制,不適宜處理高難度、非常規(guī)問題,在復雜創(chuàng)造力問題中無意識思維更有優(yōu)勢。在分心任務的認知負荷上,一些研究者認為低認知負荷的分心任務對創(chuàng)造力更有利,也有一些研究者認為任務類型不同,分心任務的最佳負荷不同。可以看出,前人研究中沒有系統(tǒng)性地考察各影響因素與不同思維方式之間的交互作用,且研究結果存在矛盾,缺乏可比性。本研究分三個實驗,探討了不同思維方式下,加工時間、任務難度和分心任務的認知負荷對創(chuàng)造力的影響。實驗一研究了不同思維方式下加工時間對創(chuàng)造力的影響。實驗二研究了不同思維方式下任務難度對創(chuàng)造力的影響。實驗三研究了無意識思維條件下,分心任務認知負荷的大小對創(chuàng)造力的影響。研究得到以下主要結論:(1)思維方式與加工時間存在交互作用。在有意識條件下,加工時間與創(chuàng)造力呈正相關,思考時間越長,被試在創(chuàng)造力測驗中得分越高;在無意識條件下,加工時間與創(chuàng)造力呈倒U型曲線,中等長度的加工時間對創(chuàng)造力最為有利。只有在加工時間適中(3分鐘)時,無意識思維勝過有意識思維,表現出了Dijksterhuis提到的無意識思維效應。(2)思維方式與任務難度存在交互作用。對于高難度的創(chuàng)造力問題,無意識思維條件下的得分高于有意識思維;對于低難度的創(chuàng)造力問題,兩種思維方式差異不顯著。表明無意識思維能夠促進高難度創(chuàng)造力問題解決。(3)無意識思維條件下,分心任務的認知負荷會影響創(chuàng)造力。執(zhí)行低認知負荷分心任務的被試表現出更高的創(chuàng)造力。
[Abstract]:According to the two-system processing model proposed by Evans, human beings have two different modes of thinking, that is, unconsciousness thinking based on connectedness, bottom-up thinking, and conscious thinking based on rules and logic, from top to bottom. Creativity is the ability to produce novel and practical products accepted by social culture, which requires two modes of thinking to participate in the theory of unconscious thinking effect of Dijksterhuis, which holds that unconscious thinking will exhibit higher creativity. Individuals who complete a distracting task without the opportunity to concentrate on the problem can make better decisions than individuals who are focused on the problem. Many researchers used similar experimental designs as Dijksterhuis to study unconscious thinking, but found that they could not repeat the effects of unconscious thinking, which indicates that there are other factors affecting the experimental results. Because of the different nature of the two modes of thinking, the influence of related factors (processing time, task difficulty, etc.) is also different. Previous studies have shown that conscious thinking is positively correlated with processing time in time dimension, and the longer the thinking time is, the higher the creativity of the subjects is. In the dimension of task difficulty, conscious thinking is restricted by rules and capacity, which is not suitable for dealing with high difficulty and unconventional problems. Unconscious thinking is more advantageous in complex creative problems. On the cognitive load of distraction task, some researchers think that the distraction task with low cognitive load is more beneficial to creativity, while others think that the best load of distraction task is different with different task types. It can be seen that previous studies have not systematically examined the interaction between various factors and different modes of thinking, and the results of the study are contradictory and lack of comparability. This study was divided into three experiments to explore the effects of processing time, task difficulty and cognitive load on creativity under different thinking modes. Experiment 1 studies the influence of processing time on creativity under different thinking modes. Experiment two studies the influence of task difficulty on creativity under different thinking modes. Experiment 3 studied the influence of distraction task cognitive load on creativity under the condition of unconscious thinking. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) there is interaction between thinking mode and processing time. Under conscious conditions, the processing time was positively correlated with creativity, and the longer the thinking time, the higher the score in the creativity test, while in the unconscious condition, the processing time and creativity showed an inverted U-shaped curve. Medium length of processing time is most beneficial to creativity. When the processing time is moderate to 3 minutes, the unconscious thinking is superior to the conscious thinking, which shows the interaction between the unconsciousness thinking effect and the task difficulty mentioned by Dijksterhuis. The score of unconscious thinking is higher than that of conscious thinking, but there is no significant difference between the two ways of thinking for low difficulty creative problems. It shows that unconscious thinking can promote the difficulty of creative problem-solving. 3) under the condition of unconscious thinking, the cognitive load of distraction task will affect creativity. Participants who performed distracting tasks with low cognitive load showed higher creativity.
【學位授予單位】：山西師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：B842

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