本文關鍵詞： 自動化情緒調節(jié) 執(zhí)行意圖 認知重評 fMRI 習慣性認知重評　出處：《西南大學》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：情緒調節(jié)的能力對于個體適應生存環(huán)境至關重要。正常的情緒調節(jié)能力有助于人們的身心健康,而情緒調節(jié)功能障礙則可能導致多種心理疾病,例如社交障礙(social anxiety disorder)和孤獨癥(autism)。自從情緒調節(jié)加工過程模式提出的20年來,大多數的情緒調節(jié)研究都集中在有目的、有意識的情緒調節(jié)方式上,一般被稱為有意情緒調節(jié)(voluntary emotion regulation)。個體在使用有意情緒調節(jié)方式對負性情緒進行調節(jié)時,需要付出主觀努力并消耗個體的認知資源,而這一特點有可能會導致個體在認知資源不足或認知控制能力不足(如焦慮癥個體)的情況下無法有效地調節(jié)情緒。所以研究如何消耗更少的、乃至不消耗認知資源的而又有效的情緒調節(jié)策略具有重要的現實和臨床意義。來自行為和電生理方面的證據表明將情緒調節(jié)和自動化目標尋求(automatic goal pursuit)相結合,可以使得情緒調節(jié)的過程自動化進行,從而減少認知資源的損耗。但是,目前關于其神經基礎和個體差異的研究鮮有報告。本研究進一步使用主觀報告和功能性磁共振成像技術在行為和腦功能兩個層面來探討自動化情緒調節(jié)的行為-腦機制及其個體差異。本研究主要包括四大部分:第一部分為文獻綜述。這一部分首先回顧、歸納和整理了情緒調節(jié)研究的相關概念和理論模型;然后,從“代價-收益”的角度,重點分析了有意情緒調節(jié)策略的“認知代價”;最后,在整理、分析了自動化情緒調節(jié)的定義、理論基礎和實證研究之后,提出了當前研究的局限性以及本研究的理論和實踐意義。第二部分為論文的主體部分,包括兩個實證研究。研究一使用了實驗操縱的研究方法,將認知重評與自動化的目標尋求方式——執(zhí)行意圖相結合,探索其自動化情緒調節(jié)的行為和神經基礎。本研究招募了31名來自西南大學的大學生有償地參加實驗,最后有效數據26人。實驗材料使用來自國際情緒圖片庫和中國情緒圖片庫的血腥或中性圖片,其中血腥圖片用以誘發(fā)被試的厭惡情緒;使用組塊設計(block-design)來呈現負性或中性圖片。本實驗共分為被動觀看、目標意圖和基于執(zhí)行意圖的認知重評三個條件,并記錄了每個條件下負性和中性組塊的行為學和功能像腦成像數據。實驗的因變量使用每個條件下負性組塊的指標減去中性組塊的指標,得到該條件下負性情緒的反應指標;該指標數值越大,表明該條件下被試的負性情緒反應越強。行為學,即自我報告的結果表明執(zhí)行意圖條件下的主觀負性情緒體驗顯著低于被動觀看和目標意圖條件,而且執(zhí)行意圖條件下被試沒有報告更多的認知努力,反而相比被動觀看條件報告了更低了情緒調節(jié)困難程度。功能性磁共振腦成像的結果表明相比被動觀看,基于認知重評的執(zhí)行意圖有效降低了雙側杏仁核和左側腦島的激活強度;而被動觀看和目標意圖條件下情緒產生相關腦區(qū)的激活并沒有顯著差異。重要的是,執(zhí)行意圖在降低情緒產生腦區(qū)激活的同時,相比被動觀看條件卻沒有增強認知控制腦區(qū)的激活。綜上所述,行為和腦成像兩個層面的結果共同表明:基于執(zhí)行意圖的認知重評可以有效地降低負性情緒的行為和神經反應,而且不會增加個體的認知資源損耗。然而,自動化情緒調節(jié)并不是對于所有個體都一樣有效的。Williams等人在2009年使用句子整理任務來啟動被試的自動化認知重評目標,結果發(fā)現認知重評目標啟動的自動化情緒調節(jié)效果在不經常使用認知重評的被試中表現更明顯。這些發(fā)現表明習慣性的認知重評特質和自動化情緒調節(jié)效果之間可能存在交互作用。所以基于研究一的結論,研究二采用了個體差異的研究方法,進一步考察基于執(zhí)行意圖的自動化認知重評的情緒調節(jié)效果是否在習慣性情緒調節(jié)特質上存在個體差異。本研究使用情緒調節(jié)問卷(Emotion Regulation Questionnaire,ERQ)測量被試的習慣性認知重評得分。本研究進行了一系列的回歸分析,其中自變量為實驗條件、認知重評得分以及兩者的交互作用,因變量為雙側杏仁核和左側腦島(基于研究一結果選取)BOLD反應在條件間的差值。本研究結果發(fā)現低認知重評得分組相比高認知重評得分組,其執(zhí)行意圖條件下的負性情緒反應顯著弱于被動觀看和目標意圖條件。結果發(fā)現,對于低認知重評得分的個體,執(zhí)行意圖情緒調節(jié)的效果更為顯著。這些發(fā)現表明,不經常使用認知重評的個體,從基于執(zhí)行意圖的自動化認知重評中獲益更大。第三部分為研究討論和結論。這一部分結合前人研究,對基于執(zhí)行意圖的自動化認知重評的神經基礎與個體差異研究進行了詳細深入地分析:簡而言之,研究一的發(fā)現表明基于執(zhí)行意圖的認知重評對于厭惡情緒的自動化調節(jié)的神經基礎不同于有意情緒調節(jié),主要表現為其可以在不增強認知控制區(qū)域激活的情況下就可以降低杏仁核、腦島等情緒產生區(qū)域的激活;研究二的發(fā)現表明基于執(zhí)行意圖的自動化認知重評在低習慣性認知重評得分的個體上表現出更明顯的情緒調節(jié)效果。最后,對本研究的局限進行了反思和分析,并在此基礎上對未來自動化情緒調節(jié)的研究進行了展望。
[Abstract]:The ability of emotion regulation for individuals to adapt to the living environment is very important. The normal emotion regulation ability contributes to people's physical and mental health, and emotion regulation dysfunction may lead to many psychological disorders, such as social disorder (social anxiety disorder) and autism (autism). Since the proposed process of emotion regulation mode for 20 years, most of the mood regulation research has focused on the purpose, conscious emotion regulation, generally known as intentional emotion regulation (voluntary emotion regulation). The individual in the intentional emotion regulation style and negative emotion regulation, cognitive resources to pay individual consumption and subjective efforts, and this characteristic may lead to lack of individual cognitive control ability in cognitive resources (such as anxiety or individual) case cannot effectively regulate emotions. So study how to consume Less, and no consumption of cognitive resources and effective emotion regulation strategy and has important clinical significance in reality. From the aspects of behavioral and electrophysiological evidence that the emotion regulation and automatic target seeking (automatic goal pursuit) combination, can make the emotional adjustment of the process automation, so as to reduce the loss of cognitive resources. But at present, few studies report on the neural basis and individual differences. This study further use of subjective reports and functional magnetic resonance imaging technology in two aspects of brain function and behavior of automatic emotion regulation behavior of brain mechanisms and individual differences. This study mainly includes four parts: the first part is the literature review. This part first reviews and sums up the related concepts of emotion regulation research and theoretical model; then, from the "cost benefit" angle, weight Analysis of intentional emotion regulation strategy "cognitive costs"; finally, in order to analyze the definition, automatic emotion regulation, theoretical foundation and empirical research, put forward the limitations of the current research and the research significance in theory and practice. The second part is the main part of the thesis, including two empirical research. The use of a method of experimental manipulation, cognitive reappraisal and automatic target seeking -- implementation intentions combined, explore the automatic emotion regulation behavior and neural basis. This study recruited 31 college students from Southwestern University, paid to participate in the experiment, the last 26 valid data. The experimental materials used bloody or neutral pictures from the International Affective picture system and Chinese emotional images, the bloody pictures with the subjects to induce aversion; using block design (block-design) to present Negative or neutral pictures. This experiment is divided into passive viewing, intention and re evaluation of three conditions of implementation intentions based on the cognition, and records of each under the condition of negative and neutral block behavior and function like brain imaging data. The experimental conditions for each variable under negative block index minus neutral block index, response index of the condition of negative emotions; the index value is bigger, the stronger the negative emotional reaction of the subjects. Under the condition of behavior, namely self report showed that subjective negative emotional body implementation intentions under the condition of test was significantly lower than that of passive viewing and target the intention, and implementation intention conditions were not reported more cognitive effort, but compared to passive viewing conditions reported lower emotional adjustment difficulty. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed that compared to passive viewing, medium To cognitive reappraisal implementation intentions can effectively reduce the activation intensity of bilateral amygdala and insula; and passive viewing conditions and target intention emotion related brain regions activated and there is no significant difference. It is important that implementation intentions in reducing emotional brain activation when compared to passive viewing conditions without enhanced activation cognitive control brain regions. In summary, the two aspects of behavior and brain imaging results show that: the implementation of the intent of the cognitive reappraisal of negative emotion and behavior can effectively reduce the neural response based on, and will not increase the loss of individual cognitive resources. However, not all automatic emotion regulation for individuals are as effective as.Williams in 2009, the use of the sentence sorting task to start the automatic cognitive subjects reappraisal, results showed that cognitive reappraisal of automatic emotion regulation goal priming The effect in do not often use cognitive reappraisal of subjects were more obvious. These findings suggest that the habit of cognitive reappraisal and characteristics of automatic emotion interaction may exist between the moderating effect. So based on the research conclusions, two research adopts the research methods of individual differences, to further study the cognitive reappraisal automation implementation intentions based on the emotion regulation effect whether there are individual differences in the regulation characteristics of habitual emotion. This study used Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Emotion Regulation, Questionnaire, ERQ) to test the habitual cognitive reappraisal score. This study conducted a series of regression analyses, in which the independent variables for the experimental conditions, cognitive reappraisal score and interaction both, the dependent variable is the bilateral amygdala and left insula (a selection of research results based on the difference in reaction conditions between BOLD). The results of this study are Low cognitive reappraisal group was higher compared to cognitive reappraisal group, negative emotional reaction under the conditions of its implementation intention was significantly weaker than passive viewing conditions and target intention. The results showed that the low scores of individual cognitive reappraisal, implementation intentions of emotion regulation effect is more significant. These findings suggest that the use of cognitive weight assessment of the individual often, from the cognitive reappraisal automation implementation intentions based on greater benefit. The third part is the research conclusion and discussion. This part is based on previous research, research on the neural basis of cognitive reappraisal and individual differences of automation implementation intentions based on a detailed in-depth analysis: in short, a study found that based on the cognitive reappraisal of implementation intentions for the neural basis of automatic aversion regulation is different from the intended emotion regulation, mainly for the enhancement of cognitive control in active region The case can reduce the amygdala, insula emotion regional activation; two study found that automation implementation intentions based on cognitive reappraisal in low habitual cognitive reappraisal of the individual scores showed more obvious effect on emotion regulation. Finally, the limitations of this study carried out reflection and analysis, and then on the basis of the outlook for future research of automatic emotion regulation.

【學位授予單位】：西南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：B842.6

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