本文關(guān)鍵詞：中國(guó)城市化進(jìn)程中城市景觀美學(xué)問題研究，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

        自工業(yè)革命以來,生產(chǎn)力迅猛發(fā)展,將城市的發(fā)展由一種自然的緩慢演化過程帶入了快速城市化進(jìn)程。20世紀(jì)科學(xué)技術(shù)革命帶動(dòng)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)以空前的規(guī)模和速度發(fā)展,使城市的財(cái)富、人口和面積迅速擴(kuò)張,城市化浪潮席卷了整個(gè)世界。一方面,城市化為人們提供了堅(jiān)實(shí)的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)；但另一方面,也為人類的生存環(huán)境和生活方式帶來了諸如環(huán)境污染、資源損耗、人口膨脹、交通擁堵等問題和危機(jī)。而我們中國(guó)作為一個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的后發(fā)國(guó)家,現(xiàn)代化和工業(yè)化的腳步在一定程度上落后于西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,當(dāng)西方國(guó)家已經(jīng)在總結(jié)城市化進(jìn)程的歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)之時(shí),當(dāng)代中國(guó)卻正在經(jīng)受城市化進(jìn)程的深刻影響和考驗(yàn)。對(duì)于經(jīng)歷了上百年貧瘠與落后的中國(guó)來說,城市化充分解放了社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力,是中國(guó)社會(huì)發(fā)展上巨大的歷史進(jìn)步；但與此同時(shí),城市化的加速發(fā)展也同樣使中國(guó)付出了痛苦與混亂的代價(jià)。由于中國(guó)本身是一個(gè)人口大國(guó),在相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)所采取的粗放型經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)方式等特殊國(guó)情,使中國(guó)在快速城市化的進(jìn)程中,會(huì)面臨相比于西方國(guó)家更加復(fù)雜和艱巨的問題,而這些問題已經(jīng)在城市中凸顯,并越演越烈。從美學(xué)觀點(diǎn)來看,這些問題直觀地表現(xiàn)在城市空間環(huán)境的物質(zhì)形式外觀——城市景觀的變化中：城市景觀中自然的缺席,城市景觀對(duì)歷史文脈的割裂,城市景觀面臨文化特色危機(jī)。當(dāng)今中國(guó)城市問題要求我們從美學(xué)上回答：城市的本質(zhì)是什么?究竟怎樣的城市才能給予我們舒適、幸福與美好的生活?我們能否在城市中既享受優(yōu)越繁華的物質(zhì)條件,又實(shí)現(xiàn)“詩(shī)意地棲居”?有鑒于此,本論文的研究對(duì)象就鎖定為城市景觀的美學(xué)問題,其中包括城市中的物質(zhì)形態(tài)景觀和人文精神景觀兩種類型。并且選取“自然與城市景觀”、“歷史與城市景觀”、“文化與城市景觀”這城市景觀中的三個(gè)哲學(xué)命題,來構(gòu)成一個(gè)有機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)體系,進(jìn)行深入的研究和探討。就目前的情況來看,一方面,由于城市景觀美學(xué)的論題屬于應(yīng)用學(xué)科,長(zhǎng)期以來為歸屬于哲學(xué)學(xué)科的傳統(tǒng)思辨美學(xué)所忽視,并且理論本身是對(duì)實(shí)踐的總結(jié),往往相對(duì)滯后,只有當(dāng)中國(guó)城市化問題積累到一定程度上,才會(huì)產(chǎn)生研究城市景觀美學(xué)的迫切需求,所以導(dǎo)致了該論題在美學(xué)理論研究中的邊緣化；另一方面,當(dāng)今中國(guó)快速城市化所展露的問題與危機(jī),促使人們開始思考城市發(fā)展模式的轉(zhuǎn)型,由追求物質(zhì)發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟(jì)型城市轉(zhuǎn)為以文化藝術(shù)為核心的審美型城市,這也日漸凸顯了城市景觀美學(xué)的重要價(jià)值。所以,對(duì)城市景觀美學(xué)問題的研究,可以填補(bǔ)美學(xué)理論中的薄弱環(huán)節(jié),具有理論創(chuàng)新的意義；同時(shí),將城市景觀置于當(dāng)前中國(guó)城市化進(jìn)程的背景中予以審視,對(duì)當(dāng)今中國(guó)城市景觀建設(shè)和發(fā)展具有強(qiáng)烈的現(xiàn)實(shí)針對(duì)性,既能為中國(guó)的城市景觀建設(shè)提供哲學(xué)美學(xué)上的理性積累,又能為面臨現(xiàn)實(shí)困境與危機(jī)的中國(guó)各城市提供有益的啟示。本論文將中國(guó)城市化進(jìn)程中的城市景觀作為研究對(duì)象,從美學(xué)的角度評(píng)析當(dāng)前城市景觀的審美價(jià)值,審視城市景觀建設(shè)中存在的美學(xué)問題,并探討在當(dāng)前中國(guó)快速城市化進(jìn)程中,如何建設(shè)富有深刻人文內(nèi)涵與美學(xué)價(jià)值的城市景觀,在此基礎(chǔ)上結(jié)合中國(guó)不同地域的具體地理情況和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平,以期塑造城市景觀的個(gè)性與特色。本文一共分為四章,第一章緒論,第二章探討自然與城市景觀的問題,第三章探討歷史與城市景觀的問題,第四章探討文化與城市景觀的問題,最后是結(jié)語(yǔ)部分。第一章,緒論。首先提出研究本論題的原因,以及論題的理論價(jià)值和實(shí)際價(jià)值。其次通過對(duì)城市景觀美學(xué)研究現(xiàn)狀的分析,指出目前研究的不足之處,以及本研究在此基礎(chǔ)上可闡釋的空間。接下來為本研究的核心概念如：景觀、城市景觀、景觀美學(xué)進(jìn)行闡釋和界定。最后,提出本論文的研究方法,并介紹論文的基本研究?jī)?nèi)容。第二章,自然與城市景觀。首先,提出“人與自然和諧”是城市景觀美學(xué)的理想典范和理論依據(jù)：一方面,人性中自然性與文化性是并存的,追求人與自然和諧是人的本真天性與渴望；另一方面,是由于中西自然美學(xué)觀的價(jià)值指向——中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)自然美學(xué)觀基于“天人合一”的哲學(xué)傳統(tǒng),始終追求人與自然和諧統(tǒng)一的親密關(guān)系；而西方則在飽嘗了生態(tài)危機(jī)的惡果之后,發(fā)展出以“生態(tài)和諧”為基本內(nèi)涵的現(xiàn)代生存論自然審美觀和環(huán)境美學(xué)觀。接下來,深入分析當(dāng)代中國(guó)城市景觀中自然美缺失的現(xiàn)狀,主要?dú)w結(jié)為四個(gè)方面：第一,城市建設(shè)大肆侵吞和改造原生自然；第二,城市自然景觀失去地域特色；第三,自然淪為城市的附庸；第四,喪失自然的本真性。并追溯其背后的思想根源——人對(duì)自然審美觀念的變遷。通過對(duì)遠(yuǎn)古、農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)、工業(yè)社會(huì)三個(gè)時(shí)期人對(duì)自然審美觀念的縱向考察,指出其在城市景觀對(duì)待自然生態(tài)的審美態(tài)度上的重要影響。最后,提出解決問題的思路和相關(guān)的建議,通過保留城市中的荒野,在城市中再造自然,維護(hù)城市的原生自然風(fēng)貌,保護(hù)自然生態(tài)的完整等具體途徑,來恢復(fù)城市中的自然之美。第三章,歷史與城市景觀。首先,通過對(duì)西方城市景觀審美觀念的歷史發(fā)展的縱向考察,和對(duì)中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)城市景觀的審美特征的梳理總結(jié),展現(xiàn)出城市景觀在歷史語(yǔ)境中的審美精神。其次,分析城市化進(jìn)程所導(dǎo)致的中國(guó)城市景觀歷史文脈斷裂的現(xiàn)實(shí)景況,主要表現(xiàn)為對(duì)歷史遺跡的破壞,對(duì)舊城的大肆改造,以仿古建筑代替歷史遺存,仿歐美式建筑在城市中泛濫等幾個(gè)方面。進(jìn)而探討現(xiàn)象背后的成因,包括城市化進(jìn)程所帶來的生活方式的變革、審美觀念和審美風(fēng)尚的改變、以及城市文化導(dǎo)向的變化等諸多因素。最后,提出解決思路和建議,通過保留城市的記憶、實(shí)現(xiàn)歷史感與現(xiàn)代感的統(tǒng)一,來弘揚(yáng)城市景觀的歷史價(jià)值,實(shí)現(xiàn)歷史文脈在城市中的傳承與延續(xù)。第四章,文化與城市景觀。首先,從傳統(tǒng)文化、地域文化、文化多樣性三個(gè)角度對(duì)城市景觀的影響進(jìn)行闡釋,指出文化對(duì)塑造城市景觀審美特色的重要性。其次,選取幾個(gè)典型的城市人文景觀來揭示當(dāng)代中國(guó)城市景觀所面臨的文化特色危機(jī),主要有：“千城一面”現(xiàn)象、傳統(tǒng)節(jié)慶的商業(yè)化、民間藝術(shù)的瀕臨絕境和地方風(fēng)俗的日益淡化,它們?cè)斐闪顺鞘形幕婷驳内呁�、文化品位的降低、文化記憶的消失和文化特色的減弱。最后,提出解決思路和建議,通過明確文化定位、克服“千城一面”,復(fù)興傳統(tǒng)節(jié)慶的文化精神,保護(hù)和傳承民間藝術(shù)文化,尊重和保護(hù)地方風(fēng)俗等措施,來重塑城市景觀的文化特色,挖掘城市景觀的文化底蘊(yùn)。結(jié)語(yǔ)部分總結(jié)全文,指出本文通過探討“自然與城市景觀”、“歷史與城市景觀”、“文化與城市景觀”這三個(gè)具有代表性的城市景觀美學(xué)問題,同時(shí)也是中國(guó)城市化進(jìn)程現(xiàn)實(shí)語(yǔ)境中最為凸顯的問題,既為未來中國(guó)的城市景觀建設(shè)提供了哲學(xué)、美學(xué)上的理性積累,又為面臨現(xiàn)實(shí)困境與危機(jī)的中國(guó)各城市提供了一些積極的啟示。由于本文論題的性質(zhì),在研究過程中除了哲學(xué)、美學(xué)理論以外,還需要生態(tài)學(xué)、城市規(guī)劃學(xué)、審美心理學(xué)、人文地理學(xué)、建筑學(xué)、景觀學(xué)等多個(gè)學(xué)科的理論知識(shí),進(jìn)行多元視域的綜合研究。在研究的內(nèi)容方面,堅(jiān)持歷史考察與邏輯分析相結(jié)合的學(xué)術(shù)視野,力圖從哲學(xué)美學(xué)的高度來審視城市景觀,挖掘出其中的審美意識(shí)和深厚文化精神,并對(duì)其中的緊迫問題有針對(duì)性地加以解答。此外,研究城市景觀的美學(xué)問題,除了分析和梳理大量的文獻(xiàn)資料以外,還需要進(jìn)行具有針對(duì)性的實(shí)際考察,包括對(duì)許多具有代表性的城市進(jìn)行實(shí)地走訪,獲取大量的景觀文獻(xiàn)資料和圖片資料,采集一些具體的數(shù)據(jù)資料等等,因此,將文獻(xiàn)分析與實(shí)際調(diào)查相結(jié)合,也是本文研究的一個(gè)特色。

    Since the industrial revolution, productivity development is swift and violent, put the city’s development from a natural slow evolution into a rapid and efficient urbanization process. Especially since twentieth century, the revolution of science and technology drives the world economy tot an unprecedented scale and speed of development, make the city’s wealth, population and area into a rapid expansion, so that the urbanization process sweeps across the whole world. On the one hand, urbanization provides a solid material foundation for people, has opened up a new possibility of survival; on the other hand, has also brought out many problems and crisis for the survival of the human environment and way of life, such as environment pollution, resource depletion, population expansion and traffic congestion. While China as a modern developed country, modernization and industrialization pace to some extent is behind the developed countries in the west. When western countries have been summed up the historical experience and lessons of urbanization process contemporary China, but is undergoing the influence and test. In the fact, for hundreds of years the poor and backward China, urbanization fully liberated social productivity, is tremendous historical progress in China’s social development. But at the same time, urbanization’s rapid development also makes China paid the price of pain and confusion. And since China is a country with a large population, and was taken by the extensive economic growth mode in a fairly long period of time,so that compared to the western countries,it will face more complex and difficult problems in rapid urbanization, and these problems have been in the city stand, which becomes stronger and stronger. Many current Chinese city suffered serious" urban diseases", the most intuitive performance is urban landscape, which is the material form appearance of the city space environment. The urban landscape has great changes--natural absence in urban landscape, the split of the historical context in urban landscape, urban landscape facing culture crisis. These problems and crisis cause Our strong introspection and Reflection:What is the essence of city? How the city can give us comfort, happiness and wonderful life? Can we enjoy superior prosperous material conditions in the city, and at the same time realize the " dwelling poetically"?Given the reflection of above questions, this research targets the aesthetic issues of urban landscape, which includes physical-form landscape type and humanistic-spirit landscape type, as the main research question. Three philosophical topics are selected to be studied and explored, namely "nature and urban landscape","history and urban landscape" and "culture and urban landscape". These three topics form a systematic entity in an organic way. In current research situation, aesthetics in landscape is a research topic in applied science. Thus, it is ignored by traditional critical aesthetics which belongs to the philosophy study. Moreover, theories are usually the conclusions of the practices and this makes them lags behind the reality. The urgent needs for the aesthetic study of urban landscape can only emerge when china’s urbanization process has accumulated lots of problems to a danger degree. Therefore, this causes the topic I choose not so salient in current aesthetic studies. Furthermore, the challenges and problems in the rapid urbanization process in China force people to reflect on the transformation of city development mode. The current pursuit of building economy-focused city with material prosperity has to give way for building the aesthetical city centered on culture and arts. Hence, this also reflects the importance of the urban landscape aesthetical study. The research on urban landscape aesthetics can fill the gap in present aesthetical theories and bring innovative insights to this research field. Meanwhile, the reflection of urban landscape aesthetics in the background of Chinese rapid urbanization process provides a tailored guidance for Chinese urban landscape construction. It can not only provide theoretical contribution in aesthetics and philosophy, but also give valuable enlightening suggestions for those Chinese cities facing actual development predicament and challenges.This paper will serve the urban landscape of China urbanization process as the object of study, and analyzes the aesthetic value of current urban landscape, face up to the aesthetic problems of landscape construction in the presence. Furthermore, it discusses how to build the urban landscape in the current rapid urbanization process, which has a rich and profound cultural connotation and aesthetic value. On the basis of the above, it combines the specific geographic conditions and economic development level of Chinese different region, in order to shape the character and feature of urban landscape. This paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is introduction, the second chapter discusses nature and the urban landscape, the third chapter discusses history and the urban landscape, the fourth chapter discusses culture and the urban landscape, the final part is the conclusion.Chapter one:introduction. First of all, it puts forward the the motivation of this research, as well as the theoretical value and actual value. Secondly, according to the analysis of research present situation of urban landscape aesthetics, it pointed out the deficiencies and the interpretation space of current research. Then it gives the explanation and definition of core concepts such as: landscape, urban landscape,and landscape aesthetics. Finally, it puts forward the research method, and introduces the basic research contents.Chapter two:nature and urban landscape. First of all, it puts forward the " harmony between man and nature" is the ideal theoretical basis of urban landscape aesthetics. On the one hand, nature and culture is coexisted in the human nature, so that the pursuit of harmony between man and nature is the essence of human nature and desire; On the other hand, because of the value orientation of Chinese and western natural aesthetics value. The Chinese traditional natural aesthetics is based on "harmony" philosophy, has always been the pursuit of harmony between man and nature relationship; while western suffer the ecological crisis, it developed the modern existentialism of natural aesthetic view and environmental aesthetics, and "ecological harmony" is the basic connotation. Then it analyzes the present situation of natural beauty missing in contemporary Chinese urban landscape. It mainly summed up in four aspects:firstly, urban construction wantonly Embezzle and reform the primary nature; secondly, the city lost the geographical characteristics of natural landscape; thirdly, nature is reduced to a vassal of city; fourthly, nature losses the authenticity. Furthermore, trace back to the Ideological roots behind behavior,that is the changes of aesthetic idea on the nature. According to the longitudinal study of aesthetic idea on the nature in three periods---ancient society, agricultural society and industrial society, it pointed out the important effects, which is related to the aesthetic attitude of urban landscape to natural ecology. Finally, it proposed the solution to the problems and some recommendations. For example, according to retaining the wilderness in the city, reinventing nature in the city, maintaining the original natural landscape and protecting the natural ecological integrity, all of these specific pathways are in order to restore the natural beauty of the city.Chapter three:history and urban landscape. Firstly, the historical development of western urban landscape aesthetic ideas is investigated vertically. The characteristics of traditional urban landscape is also sorted out and concluded. Thus, the aesthetic spirit of urban landscape embedded within the historical context is revealed. Then, the current fracture of urban landscape with its Chinese traditional landscape historical and cultural connection is caused by rapid urbanization process. It mainly takes the form of destruction of historical sites, the improper transformation of the old city, the replacement of historical relics with artificial buildings, wide spread of western urban landscape and so on. The reasons behind these phenomena are also explored in this research. This is highly relevant with these factors:the life style change resulted from urbanization process, aesthetic idea change and aesthetic fashion change, urban cultural orientation change and so on. In the end, the researcher proposes the solution:to retain the memory of the city, to active the unification of history and modern sense, to promote the historical values of urban landscape, and to inherit and maintain the historical and cultural traditions and heritages.Chapter four:culture and urban landscape. Firstly, from the traditional culture, regional culture, cultural diversity three perspectives on urban landscape effects were explained, and the paper pointed out the importance of culture in shaping the urban landscape esthetic characteristics. Secondly, it selected a few typical of the urban cultural landscape to reveal the cultural identity crisis which contemporary Chinese urban landscape is facing, mainly has:" thousands of the city side" phenomenon, commercialization of traditional festival, folk art is close to hopeless situation and increasingly desalt of local customs. They cause the convergence of cultural feature in city, the lower of the cultural quality, cultural memory loss and the weakened of cultural characteristics. Finally, it proposes the solution and suggestion. We can overcome" thousands of the city side" through the explicit cultural orientation, revive culture spirit of traditional festival, protect and inherit the folk art and culture, respect and protect local customs and so on. All of these measures are in order to reshape the cultural character of urban landscape, and excavate the cultural heritage of urban landscape.The conclusion makes a summary. It pointed out that through the discussion of the" natural and urban landscape","history and urban landscape","culture and urban landscape",which are three representative urban landscape aesthetic problems, and also the most prominent problems in the realistic context of China urbanization process, it can not only provide theoretical contribution in aesthetics and philosophy, but also give valuable enlightening suggestions for those Chinese cities facing actual development predicament and challenges.Because of these properties of this paper, it needs comprehensive study on the multivariate horizons. Except for the theory of philosophy and aesthetics, it also needs ecology, urban planning, aesthetic psychology, human geography, architecture, landscape science theory of knowledge. In the content of the study, it insisted on the academic vision combined with the historical investigation and logic analysis. It connected the urban landscape construction and aesthetic theory, excavated the aesthetic awareness and deep cultural philosophy spirit of urban landscape, and carry on the corresponding aesthetics analysis and critique. In addition, on urban landscape aesthetic, except for the analysis and sorting out of the massive literature, it also needs to carry out targeted practical investigation, including field visits of many representative cities, to obtain a large number of landscape literature and picture information, and collect some data and so on. Therefore, the combination of the literature analysis and the actual survey is also a characteristic of this study.

中國(guó)城市化進(jìn)程中城市景觀美學(xué)問題研究

摘要4-7ABSTRACT7-10第一章 緒論11-37    一、選題價(jià)值11-17    二、研究現(xiàn)狀17-25    三、概念界定25-35    四、研究方法35-37第二章 自然與城市景觀37-93    一、城市景觀的審美理念41-53    二、當(dāng)代中國(guó)城市景觀的自然美問題53-70    三、重建當(dāng)代中國(guó)城市景觀的自然美70-93第三章 歷史與城市景觀93-137    一、在城市景觀中訴說歷史95-106    二、當(dāng)代中國(guó)城市景觀的歷史斷裂106-123    三、重鑄當(dāng)代中國(guó)城市景觀的歷史文脈123-137第四章 文化與城市景觀137-177    一、文化塑造了城市景觀的審美特色139-149    二、當(dāng)代中國(guó)城市景觀的文化特色危機(jī)149-164    三、重塑當(dāng)代中國(guó)城市景觀的文化特色164-177結(jié)語(yǔ)177-181參考文獻(xiàn)181-191后記191-193讀博期間主要科研成果及科研活動(dòng)193

  本文關(guān)鍵詞：中國(guó)城市化進(jìn)程中城市景觀美學(xué)問題研究，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。