中國社會代際收入傳遞的實證研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-04 05:55
【摘要】：改革開放以來,中國的經(jīng)濟獲得了長足的增長,在2010年中國的國民GDP已經(jīng)超越日本,成為世界第二大經(jīng)濟體。但是經(jīng)濟高速增長的背后,社會制度的建設和完善相對滯后,經(jīng)濟增長的福利并未被全體國民充分地享受。其中一個顯著的社會問題是我國貧富差距日益擴大。改革開放總設計師鄧小平提出“讓一部分人先富起來,走共同富裕的道路”,然而中國的社會現(xiàn)實是富人愈富,窮人愈窮。據(jù)西南財經(jīng)大學家庭金融調(diào)查中心的調(diào)查結(jié)果,我國的基尼系數(shù)已經(jīng)達到0.61,在全世界據(jù)于非常高的位置。貧富差距的擴大,造成中國社會出現(xiàn)兩極分化,社會矛盾較為尖銳,人們中漸漸出現(xiàn)一股“仇富“的風氣。 貧富差距的背后反映的是我國社會公平正義的缺失。廣義的公平不僅包括結(jié)果公平,還包含起點公平、過程公平、規(guī)則公平。為了實現(xiàn)結(jié)果的公平,我們必須在起點、過程和規(guī)則上實現(xiàn)和保障公平的環(huán)境。學術界,大多數(shù)對收入差距的研究僅是從結(jié)果公平的角度展開,然而我們必須看到,對收入差距的探討絕不能僅僅研究結(jié)果意義上的不公平,而更應該探索機會不平等及其對收入差距的影響。 機會的平等,意味著個體從出生后擁有與其他人擁有同等的獲得成長和成功的機會,類似于“人人生而平等”。倘若因為出生和家庭環(huán)境的不同,個體的發(fā)展機會和成功機會各不相同,比如富人家庭的子女憑借家庭更多的社會資源更容易得到更多的成長和成功機會,而窮人家庭的子女則受到各種限制,那這個社會很難說是機會公平的社會,這將導致社會階層的固化。 研究社會是否機會平等,一個很好的研究切入點是代際流動性或代際收入傳遞。國內(nèi)外的學者通常會利用代際收入彈性來反應社會的代際流動性,表示機會平等與否的程度。代際收入彈性是指父代經(jīng)濟收入對子代經(jīng)濟收入或經(jīng)濟地位的影響程度。代際收入彈性越大,也就意味著代際流動性越弱,社會趨向于不公平。貧富在代際間傳遞,也會導致社會的貧富差距很難縮小社會呈現(xiàn)持續(xù)的兩極分化。 一個很值得研究的問題是,隨著我國市場化程度不斷加深,子女對其父輩經(jīng)濟收入的相關性有多大?子女與父輩代際間的收入相關性主要通過那些路徑進行傳遞?子代呈現(xiàn)的收入差距多大程度上是機會不平等造成的?政府對增強代際流動性可以采取怎樣的有效措施?本文嘗試對這些問題進行探索和研究,希望能對當前中國的代際流行性進行較全面的說明,并探索在代際流動性下隱藏的諸多問題。 探討中國社會的代際收入傳遞,即是研究中國社會的代際流動性,可以為研究中國的社會公平提供了新的視角,也助于理解和把握中國社會發(fā)展中存在的問題,未來社會公平的演變趨勢,也可以為政府制定相應政策提供參考和依據(jù)。 對于中國社會代際收入傳遞的研究,需要我們找到合理的研究方法。國外從經(jīng)濟學的角度對此問題的研究,開始于上世紀70年代,自此研究方法不斷更新,研究結(jié)論也不斷被推翻和重建。研究的重點集中于如何避免對代際收入彈性估計的偏誤、代際收入傳遞的影響因素以及趨勢研究。國內(nèi)的研究受制于數(shù)據(jù)的可行性,研究起步較晚,并且研究還不夠深入。本文試圖在梳理國內(nèi)外研究的基礎上,對國內(nèi)研究進行補充。 本文總共包含五個章節(jié)。 第一章為導論,對本文的研究背景、研究意義、研究內(nèi)容以及研究的創(chuàng)新之處進行了總體介紹。本文的主要內(nèi)容是探討對中國社會代際收入彈性的無偏估計,并對代際收入彈性進行傳遞路徑分解。本文由于樣本數(shù)據(jù)的限制,只關注了教育傳遞和職業(yè)傳遞路徑。 第二章為文獻綜述,對國內(nèi)外研究代際流動性的文獻進行了集中梳理。首先我們回顧了對代際收入傳遞的理論研究,代際收入傳遞的理論受益于Becker的人力資本投資理論,Becker-Tomes模型是研究代際收入傳遞的基礎理論模型。然后我們回顧了對代際收入傳遞的實證研究,重點梳理了實證研究的模型方法變遷。最后我們對國內(nèi)的研究文獻進行了梳理。 第三章我們對中國社會的代際收入彈性進行了無偏估計。我們首先對樣本的選擇和變量處理進行了說明。然后利用分位回歸方法驗證了代際流動性的非線性特征。對于代際收入彈性的估計,本文采用了控制方程(CF)回歸估計方法,控制方程是基于隨機系數(shù)模型,考慮了傳遞機制的差異性。在得到無偏估計的同時,我們也比對了最小二乘回歸估計和工具變量回歸估計的結(jié)論。 第四章我們對代際收入彈性進行了傳遞路徑的分解。我們納入影響子代收入的傳遞因素對代際收入彈性進行序列分解。我們重點考察了教育傳遞和職業(yè)傳遞對于代際收入傳遞的影響程度,分析了不同收入層次收入家庭代際收入傳遞路徑的差異性。在比較性別和戶籍區(qū)別后,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)男性在教育和職業(yè)傳遞中較女性更能得到家庭的重視,農(nóng)村家庭的傳遞機制相較于城市家庭更為集中于這兩個傳遞路徑,但由于教育資源的的限制,家庭對于子女的教育水平影響力不夠。 第五章是本文的結(jié)論部分。這部分我們對研究結(jié)果進行了總結(jié)分析,并指出本文研究的不足之處和未來研究的展望。本文通過對中國社會代際收入彈性的無偏估計得到的結(jié)論為0.577,這一值高于較多的其他的國內(nèi)相關研究,也高于國外的代際收入彈性。這說明我國社會總體上的代際流動性較弱。,本文研究的不足之處在于數(shù)據(jù)樣本的處理造成了研究局限,這也是本文研究的一大遺憾。
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening up, China's economy has gained considerable growth. In 2010, China's national GDP has surpassed Japan and become the second largest economy in the world. The problem is that the gap between the rich and the poor is widening day by day.Deng Xiaoping, the general designer of reform and opening-up, put forward the idea of "letting some people get rich first and take the road of common prosperity". However, China's social reality is that the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. The world is in a very high position. The widening gap between the rich and the poor has led to polarization and sharp social contradictions in Chinese society. A trend of "hating the rich" has gradually emerged among the people.
The gap between the rich and the poor reflects the lack of social equity and justice in our country.The broad sense of justice includes not only the result fairness, but also the starting point fairness, the process fairness and the rule fairness.In order to achieve the result fairness, we must realize and guarantee the fair environment in the starting point, the process and the rule.Academia, most of the income gap research. Only from the perspective of fair results, however, we must see that the study of income disparity should not only be unfair in the sense of research results, but also explore the opportunity inequality and its impact on income disparity.
Equality of opportunity means that individuals have the same opportunities to grow and succeed from birth as others, similar to "all men are born equal." If the circumstances of birth and family are different, individuals have different opportunities for development and success, for example, children of rich families are more tolerant of family resources. More opportunities for growth and success are available, and the children of poor families are subject to various constraints, which is hardly a society of equal opportunity, which will lead to the consolidation of social strata.
Intergenerational income elasticity refers to the economic income or economic status of the father's generation. The greater intergenerational income elasticity means that intergenerational mobility is weaker and society tends to be unfair.
A very worthwhile question to study is, with the deepening of China's market economy, how much is the correlation between children and their parents'economic income? What are the main ways through which the income correlation between children and their parents' generations is transmitted? How much is the income gap between children and their parents caused by the opportunity inequality? How much is the government enhancing the intergenerational flow? This paper attempts to explore and study these issues, hoping to give a more comprehensive explanation of the current intergenerational epidemic in China, and to explore many problems hidden under intergenerational mobility.
Discussing the intergenerational income transmission of Chinese society is to study the intergenerational mobility of Chinese society, which can provide a new perspective for the study of social equity in China, and also help to understand and grasp the problems existing in the development of Chinese society. The evolution trend of social equity in the future can also provide reference and basis for the government to formulate corresponding policies.
The study of intergenerational income transfer in Chinese society needs us to find a reasonable research method. The study on this issue from the perspective of economics began in the 1970s. Since then, the research methods have been constantly updated and the conclusions have been constantly overturned and rebuilt. The focus of the study is on how to avoid the estimation of intergenerational income elasticity. The domestic research is limited by the feasibility of the data, the research starts late, and the research is not deep enough. This paper tries to supplement the domestic research on the basis of combing the domestic and foreign research.
This paper consists of five chapters.
The first chapter is the introduction, which gives a general introduction to the research background, significance, content and innovation of this paper. The main content of this paper is to discuss the unbiased estimation of intergenerational income elasticity in Chinese society, and to decompose the transmission path of intergenerational income elasticity. Transfer and career path.
The second chapter is a literature review, which focuses on the research of intergenerational liquidity at home and abroad. Firstly, we review the theoretical study of intergenerational income transfer. The theory of intergenerational income transfer benefits from Becker's theory of human capital investment. The Becker-Tomes model is the basic theoretical model of intergenerational income transfer. This paper reviews the empirical research on intergenerational income transfer, and focuses on the changes of empirical research methods. Finally, we review the domestic research literature.
In the third chapter, we estimate the intergenerational income elasticity of Chinese society unbiased. First, we illustrate the selection of samples and the processing of variables. Then we validate the nonlinear characteristics of intergenerational liquidity by using the quantile regression method. The equation is based on the stochastic coefficient model, and the difference of transfer mechanism is considered. The unbiased estimates are obtained, and the results of least squares regression and instrumental variable regression are compared.
In Chapter Four, we decompose the transmission path of intergenerational income elasticity. We incorporate the transmission factors that affect the income of the offspring into a series of decompositions. After comparing gender and household registration, we find that men are more likely to receive family attention in education and occupational transmission than women. The transmission mechanism of rural families is more concentrated in these two transmission paths than urban families. However, due to the limitation of educational resources, families have no influence on children's educational level. Enough.
Chapter 5 is the conclusion of this paper. In this part, we summarize and analyze the research results, and point out the shortcomings of this study and the prospects for future research. The intergenerational income elasticity shows that the intergenerational mobility is weak in China. The deficiency of this paper lies in the limitation of the data sample processing, which is also a great regret of this paper.
【學位授予單位】：西南財經(jīng)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：F124.7
本文編號：2221210
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening up, China's economy has gained considerable growth. In 2010, China's national GDP has surpassed Japan and become the second largest economy in the world. The problem is that the gap between the rich and the poor is widening day by day.Deng Xiaoping, the general designer of reform and opening-up, put forward the idea of "letting some people get rich first and take the road of common prosperity". However, China's social reality is that the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. The world is in a very high position. The widening gap between the rich and the poor has led to polarization and sharp social contradictions in Chinese society. A trend of "hating the rich" has gradually emerged among the people.
The gap between the rich and the poor reflects the lack of social equity and justice in our country.The broad sense of justice includes not only the result fairness, but also the starting point fairness, the process fairness and the rule fairness.In order to achieve the result fairness, we must realize and guarantee the fair environment in the starting point, the process and the rule.Academia, most of the income gap research. Only from the perspective of fair results, however, we must see that the study of income disparity should not only be unfair in the sense of research results, but also explore the opportunity inequality and its impact on income disparity.
Equality of opportunity means that individuals have the same opportunities to grow and succeed from birth as others, similar to "all men are born equal." If the circumstances of birth and family are different, individuals have different opportunities for development and success, for example, children of rich families are more tolerant of family resources. More opportunities for growth and success are available, and the children of poor families are subject to various constraints, which is hardly a society of equal opportunity, which will lead to the consolidation of social strata.
Intergenerational income elasticity refers to the economic income or economic status of the father's generation. The greater intergenerational income elasticity means that intergenerational mobility is weaker and society tends to be unfair.
A very worthwhile question to study is, with the deepening of China's market economy, how much is the correlation between children and their parents'economic income? What are the main ways through which the income correlation between children and their parents' generations is transmitted? How much is the income gap between children and their parents caused by the opportunity inequality? How much is the government enhancing the intergenerational flow? This paper attempts to explore and study these issues, hoping to give a more comprehensive explanation of the current intergenerational epidemic in China, and to explore many problems hidden under intergenerational mobility.
Discussing the intergenerational income transmission of Chinese society is to study the intergenerational mobility of Chinese society, which can provide a new perspective for the study of social equity in China, and also help to understand and grasp the problems existing in the development of Chinese society. The evolution trend of social equity in the future can also provide reference and basis for the government to formulate corresponding policies.
The study of intergenerational income transfer in Chinese society needs us to find a reasonable research method. The study on this issue from the perspective of economics began in the 1970s. Since then, the research methods have been constantly updated and the conclusions have been constantly overturned and rebuilt. The focus of the study is on how to avoid the estimation of intergenerational income elasticity. The domestic research is limited by the feasibility of the data, the research starts late, and the research is not deep enough. This paper tries to supplement the domestic research on the basis of combing the domestic and foreign research.
This paper consists of five chapters.
The first chapter is the introduction, which gives a general introduction to the research background, significance, content and innovation of this paper. The main content of this paper is to discuss the unbiased estimation of intergenerational income elasticity in Chinese society, and to decompose the transmission path of intergenerational income elasticity. Transfer and career path.
The second chapter is a literature review, which focuses on the research of intergenerational liquidity at home and abroad. Firstly, we review the theoretical study of intergenerational income transfer. The theory of intergenerational income transfer benefits from Becker's theory of human capital investment. The Becker-Tomes model is the basic theoretical model of intergenerational income transfer. This paper reviews the empirical research on intergenerational income transfer, and focuses on the changes of empirical research methods. Finally, we review the domestic research literature.
In the third chapter, we estimate the intergenerational income elasticity of Chinese society unbiased. First, we illustrate the selection of samples and the processing of variables. Then we validate the nonlinear characteristics of intergenerational liquidity by using the quantile regression method. The equation is based on the stochastic coefficient model, and the difference of transfer mechanism is considered. The unbiased estimates are obtained, and the results of least squares regression and instrumental variable regression are compared.
In Chapter Four, we decompose the transmission path of intergenerational income elasticity. We incorporate the transmission factors that affect the income of the offspring into a series of decompositions. After comparing gender and household registration, we find that men are more likely to receive family attention in education and occupational transmission than women. The transmission mechanism of rural families is more concentrated in these two transmission paths than urban families. However, due to the limitation of educational resources, families have no influence on children's educational level. Enough.
Chapter 5 is the conclusion of this paper. In this part, we summarize and analyze the research results, and point out the shortcomings of this study and the prospects for future research. The intergenerational income elasticity shows that the intergenerational mobility is weak in China. The deficiency of this paper lies in the limitation of the data sample processing, which is also a great regret of this paper.
【學位授予單位】：西南財經(jīng)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：F124.7
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