【摘要】：錯(cuò)誤出生之訴,是指在孕婦妊娠期間,因醫(yī)方在產(chǎn)前檢查和產(chǎn)前診斷中存在過失,未能檢測(cè)出胎兒的先天缺陷,或?qū)μ旱母改肝幢M合理告知義務(wù),致使孕婦未能及時(shí)終止妊娠,最終產(chǎn)下缺陷兒,父母為此所提起的訴訟。該類案件最早見于美國,后各國均有案例出現(xiàn),然而在賠償請(qǐng)求權(quán)基礎(chǔ)及賠償范圍上,爭議頗大。本文從我國司法裁判中“錯(cuò)誤出生”案件概覽式描述入手,提出幾個(gè)主要問題:誰享有請(qǐng)求權(quán)、損害如何界定、因果關(guān)系如何判斷、過錯(cuò)有哪些以及損害賠償?shù)姆秶绾未_定。本文綜合運(yùn)用了法教義學(xué)分析法、案例分析法及比較分析法,得出如下結(jié)論。缺陷兒的父母有權(quán)請(qǐng)求醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)承擔(dān)侵權(quán)賠償責(zé)任。一般情形下,缺陷兒單獨(dú)起訴的話,在價(jià)值衡量、侵權(quán)構(gòu)成要件及法律政策上存在障礙,然而在特殊情形下,應(yīng)允許缺陷兒以本人名義提起訴訟。在錯(cuò)誤出生之侵權(quán)損害賠償中,損害是因醫(yī)方過失,侵犯孕產(chǎn)婦被告知后做出決定的權(quán)益,繼而造成的財(cái)產(chǎn)上和精神上的不利益。該權(quán)益可被納入侵權(quán)法保護(hù)的權(quán)益范圍中;醫(yī)方的過失直接侵害了父母的知情及生育選擇權(quán)益,從而導(dǎo)致缺陷兒出生,醫(yī)方過失診療行為與損害后果間存在相當(dāng)因果關(guān)系;醫(yī)方的過錯(cuò)可歸納為三方面:特定的告知說明義務(wù)、給予產(chǎn)前診斷的義務(wù)以及提出終止妊娠的醫(yī)學(xué)建議義務(wù)。在第二方面的給予產(chǎn)前診斷義務(wù)中,本文指出了行政法規(guī)《母嬰保健法實(shí)施辦法》第20條與衛(wèi)生部部門規(guī)章《產(chǎn)前診斷技術(shù)管理辦法》第17條的細(xì)微差別,在案件審理過程中,法官應(yīng)綜合孕婦的自身情況以及醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)的注意義務(wù)程度,做出綜合判斷,如果有必要應(yīng)適用部門規(guī)章的規(guī)定。司法實(shí)踐中,法院往往過度依賴鑒定機(jī)構(gòu)的意見,但醫(yī)學(xué)上的過錯(cuò)不完全等同于法律上的過錯(cuò),法官在參考鑒定意見的同時(shí),應(yīng)融入自己對(duì)法律、具體案件的思考,在個(gè)案中加以確定。關(guān)于賠償范圍,懷孕費(fèi)用、特殊的撫養(yǎng)費(fèi)用、一般的撫養(yǎng)費(fèi)用以及精神損害撫慰金均能得到賠償。另外,殘疾賠償金、死亡賠償金及喪葬費(fèi)也應(yīng)得到賠償。損益相抵規(guī)則不能適用于財(cái)產(chǎn)損害賠償,有條件地適用精神損害賠償。醫(yī)方存在如下抗辯理由:醫(yī)方確實(shí)盡到高度注意義務(wù)但礙于醫(yī)療水平無法精確診斷出缺陷、孕產(chǎn)婦自己的過錯(cuò)、醫(yī)方僅違反極其輕微的告知義務(wù)以及超過訴訟時(shí)效。
[Abstract]:"false birth complaint" refers to the failure of the doctor to detect the congenital defects of the fetus or the failure to fulfill the obligation of reasonable notification to the parents of the foetus due to the fault of the doctor in prenatal examination and prenatal diagnosis during pregnancy, As a result, the pregnant woman fails to terminate the pregnancy in time and finally gives birth to a defective child. This kind of cases was first found in the United States, but there are many cases in various countries. However, there is a great dispute in the basis and scope of compensation claims. Starting with the general description of the case of "wrong birth" in judicial adjudication in our country, this paper puts forward several main problems: who enjoys the right of claim, how to define the damage, how to judge the causality, what is the fault and how to determine the scope of the damages. This paper synthetically applies the method of jurisprudence, case analysis and comparative analysis, and draws the following conclusions. Parents of defective children have the right to claim tort liability from medical institutions. Generally speaking, there are obstacles in value measure, tort constitution and legal policy, but under special circumstances, the defective child should be allowed to sue in his own name. In the compensation for tort damage caused by wrong birth, the damage is caused by medical negligence, infringing on the rights and interests of the pregnant and lying-in women who have been informed of their decisions, and resulting in property and spiritual disbenefits. This right can be brought into the scope of the rights and interests protected by tort law, the fault of the medical side directly infringes the parents' rights and interests of informed and reproductive choice, which leads to the birth of the defective child, and there is quite a causal relationship between the negligent diagnosis and treatment of the medical side and the consequences of the damage. The doctor's fault can be summed up in three aspects: the specific obligation to inform, the obligation to give prenatal diagnosis, and the obligation to propose medical advice for termination of pregnancy. In the second aspect of the obligation to give prenatal diagnosis, this article points out the subtle differences between Article 20 of the Administrative regulations on the implementation of the Maternal and Child Health Law and Article 17 of the regulations of the Ministry of Health on the Management of Prenatal Diagnostics. The judge shall synthesize the pregnant woman's own condition and the duty of care of the medical institution, make a comprehensive judgment, and apply the regulations of the department if necessary. In judicial practice, the court often relies on the opinion of the appraisal institution, but the medical fault is not completely equal to the fault of the law. The judge should incorporate his own thinking about the law and the concrete case while referring to the opinion of the judge. Be determined in a case. The scope of compensation, pregnancy costs, special maintenance costs, general maintenance costs, and compensation for mental injury are all covered. In addition, disability compensation, death compensation and funeral expenses should also be compensated. The rule of profit and loss offset is not applicable to compensation for property damage, but to compensation for moral damage. The medical side has the following defense: the medical side does fulfill a high duty of care but due to the level of medical treatment can not accurately diagnose defects, maternal fault, doctors only violate the very minor obligation to inform and beyond the statute of limitations.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：D923

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本文編號(hào)：2165917