康德絕對命令探析
發(fā)布時間：2018-12-30 17:33
【摘要】：康德致力于為人的道德尋找一種具有普遍必然性的道德法則。因此,在自由意志、上帝和靈魂不死三大預設下,康德提出了自己的“絕對命令”,為人性的尊嚴和價值高揚旗幟。與之前的倫理學理論相比,康德道德哲學有著典型的形而上的特點。這種形上性保證了其道德哲學的純粹性的同時,也導致了誤解,被認為是脫離現(xiàn)實的書齋式研究,不具有現(xiàn)實性。這些誤解往往是因為對絕對命令缺少整體性視角。任何道德哲學的探索都應該被置于整個道德哲學體系之中。對康德絕對命令的整體性把握要求我們不但要關注前康德道德哲學諸理論,而且還要從絕對命令本身的整體性著眼,理清絕對命令每種表達式獨立意義的同時更要無矛盾地理順諸表達式之間的關系和邏輯脈絡,向前追溯絕對命令的理論來源,向后探索其面向經(jīng)驗世界道德實踐的指導意義。整個哲學史是對存在是一還是多,是普遍還是個別的認識的發(fā)展史。對存在的探索從古希臘的本體論經(jīng)由中世紀神學發(fā)展到近代的認識論,逐漸克服了將二者割裂的形而上學,走向了二者的辯證統(tǒng)一。而道德哲學中有關道德具有客觀性還是相對性的爭議在形而上學的基礎上同樣呈現(xiàn)出一與多的對峙。理性主義倫理學認為存在著普遍的道德準則,理性能使人洞見到這種抽象的準則。經(jīng)驗主義倫理學則認為感性經(jīng)驗才是道德的基礎、來源或標準�？档峦ㄟ^對理性的劃分,對傳統(tǒng)形而上學中人與自然、主體與客體的關系進行了根本的改造,實行了“哥白尼式革命”,人為自然立法。同時,康德在道德哲學領域為人類的道德找到了普適性的道德法則“絕對命令”,人為自己立法,實現(xiàn)了人的本質(zhì)——自由�？档抡J為道德哲學的根本目的就是要尋求普遍性的道德法則并使之能指導人的實踐活動。絕對命令的三種表達式也正印證了康德道德哲學試圖從超驗層面的升華到經(jīng)驗層面的回歸的邏輯演進過程。首先,康德把道德哲學置于形而上學基礎之上,拋開一切質(zhì)料性因素,從人的純粹理性中尋求法則的普遍必然性,保證了絕對命令的純粹性。然后,作為實踐理性的絕對命令回歸經(jīng)驗世界,指導人的道德實踐活動。然而康德并未明確具體地說明絕對命令的回歸之路,絕對命令具有的形上性同時也就弱化了其經(jīng)驗層面的實際可操作性。作為應用倫理學價值基準的人權理念是絕對命令在經(jīng)驗世界的新形式,在保留了康德道德哲學普遍的理性主義、對人的平等和尊嚴以及自律的堅持等理論內(nèi)核的同時,將康德獨白式的單一主體道德哲學發(fā)展成了交互式的眾多主體的倫理范式。在實現(xiàn)了由“主體性”到“主體間性”理論變遷的同時,使絕對命令真正實現(xiàn)了從超驗的形上層面到經(jīng)驗的現(xiàn)實世界的回歸。康德道德哲學作為一座知識寶庫,對于我國的道德建設有著巨大的指導意義。
[Abstract]:Kant was committed to finding a moral law of universal necessity for man's morality. Therefore, under the three presuppositions of free will, God and soul immortality, Kant put forward his own "absolute command" to raise the banner for the dignity and value of human nature. Compared with previous ethical theories, Kant's moral philosophy has typical metaphysical characteristics. This metaphysical nature ensures the purity of his moral philosophy, but also leads to misunderstanding, which is regarded as a study which is divorced from reality and is not realistic. These misunderstandings are often due to the lack of a holistic perspective on absolute orders. Any exploration of moral philosophy should be placed in the whole moral philosophy system. To grasp the integrity of Kant's absolute command requires us not only to pay attention to the theories of pre-Kant 's moral philosophy, but also to focus on the integrity of absolute command itself. In order to clarify the independent meaning of every expression of absolute command, it is necessary to straighten out the relationship and logical thread between the expressions without contradiction, trace back the theoretical source of absolute command, and explore the guiding significance of its moral practice in the empirical world. The history of philosophy is one or more of existence, a history of universal or individual understanding. The exploration of existence from the ontology of ancient Greece through medieval theology to modern epistemology gradually overcomes the metaphysics that separates the two and moves towards the dialectical unity of the two. On the basis of metaphysics, the controversy about the objectivity or relativity of morality in moral philosophy also presents one and more confrontations. Rationalism ethics holds that there are universal moral norms, which can be seen by reason. Empirical ethics holds that perceptual experience is the basis, source, or standard of morality. Kant reformed the relationship between man and nature, subject and object in traditional metaphysics through the division of rationality, and carried out "Copernican revolution" and artificial nature legislation. At the same time, Kant found the universal moral law "absolute command" for human morality in the field of moral philosophy, and man legislated for himself and realized the essence of human being-freedom. Kant believes that the fundamental purpose of moral philosophy is to seek universal moral principles and guide human practice. The three expressions of absolute command also confirm the logical evolution of Kant's moral philosophy from the transcendental level to the empirical level. First of all, Kant put moral philosophy on the basis of metaphysics, set aside all the material factors, sought the universal inevitability of law from man's pure reason, and ensured the purity of absolute command. Then, as the absolute command of practical reason, return to the world of experience, guide the moral practice of human activities. However, Kant does not clearly and concretely explain the return of absolute command, and the metaphysical character of absolute command weakens the practical maneuverability of its experience. The concept of human rights, as a benchmark of applied ethics value, is a new form of absolute command in the world of experience, while retaining the general rationalism of Kant's moral philosophy, the core of the theory of equality and dignity of human beings and self-discipline, etc. Kant's monologue of single subject moral philosophy has developed into an interactive ethical paradigm of many subjects. At the same time, the theory of "subjectivity" to "inter-subjectivity" has been changed, and the absolute command has truly realized the return from the transcendental level to the real world of experience. Kant's moral philosophy, as a treasure trove of knowledge, has great guiding significance for the moral construction of our country.
【學位授予單位】：西南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：B516.31
本文編號：2395903
[Abstract]:Kant was committed to finding a moral law of universal necessity for man's morality. Therefore, under the three presuppositions of free will, God and soul immortality, Kant put forward his own "absolute command" to raise the banner for the dignity and value of human nature. Compared with previous ethical theories, Kant's moral philosophy has typical metaphysical characteristics. This metaphysical nature ensures the purity of his moral philosophy, but also leads to misunderstanding, which is regarded as a study which is divorced from reality and is not realistic. These misunderstandings are often due to the lack of a holistic perspective on absolute orders. Any exploration of moral philosophy should be placed in the whole moral philosophy system. To grasp the integrity of Kant's absolute command requires us not only to pay attention to the theories of pre-Kant 's moral philosophy, but also to focus on the integrity of absolute command itself. In order to clarify the independent meaning of every expression of absolute command, it is necessary to straighten out the relationship and logical thread between the expressions without contradiction, trace back the theoretical source of absolute command, and explore the guiding significance of its moral practice in the empirical world. The history of philosophy is one or more of existence, a history of universal or individual understanding. The exploration of existence from the ontology of ancient Greece through medieval theology to modern epistemology gradually overcomes the metaphysics that separates the two and moves towards the dialectical unity of the two. On the basis of metaphysics, the controversy about the objectivity or relativity of morality in moral philosophy also presents one and more confrontations. Rationalism ethics holds that there are universal moral norms, which can be seen by reason. Empirical ethics holds that perceptual experience is the basis, source, or standard of morality. Kant reformed the relationship between man and nature, subject and object in traditional metaphysics through the division of rationality, and carried out "Copernican revolution" and artificial nature legislation. At the same time, Kant found the universal moral law "absolute command" for human morality in the field of moral philosophy, and man legislated for himself and realized the essence of human being-freedom. Kant believes that the fundamental purpose of moral philosophy is to seek universal moral principles and guide human practice. The three expressions of absolute command also confirm the logical evolution of Kant's moral philosophy from the transcendental level to the empirical level. First of all, Kant put moral philosophy on the basis of metaphysics, set aside all the material factors, sought the universal inevitability of law from man's pure reason, and ensured the purity of absolute command. Then, as the absolute command of practical reason, return to the world of experience, guide the moral practice of human activities. However, Kant does not clearly and concretely explain the return of absolute command, and the metaphysical character of absolute command weakens the practical maneuverability of its experience. The concept of human rights, as a benchmark of applied ethics value, is a new form of absolute command in the world of experience, while retaining the general rationalism of Kant's moral philosophy, the core of the theory of equality and dignity of human beings and self-discipline, etc. Kant's monologue of single subject moral philosophy has developed into an interactive ethical paradigm of many subjects. At the same time, the theory of "subjectivity" to "inter-subjectivity" has been changed, and the absolute command has truly realized the return from the transcendental level to the real world of experience. Kant's moral philosophy, as a treasure trove of knowledge, has great guiding significance for the moral construction of our country.
【學位授予單位】：西南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：B516.31
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