【摘要】：自由是人類渴望的終極理想,自由之于人類是舉足輕重的。亙古亙今,人類從未停下追尋自由的腳步,而實(shí)現(xiàn)自由之路既漫長又艱辛,是任重而道遠(yuǎn)的。一代代哲學(xué)家們前仆后繼地進(jìn)行著關(guān)于自由的思考。法國哲學(xué)家薩特也是這自由之路上矢志不渝的先行者,是人類探尋自由的歷程中高聳著的里程碑�？v觀薩特的自由哲學(xué),隨著他人生不同時(shí)期的進(jìn)展也相應(yīng)地發(fā)展著,每個(gè)階段較之前都有著一定的進(jìn)步,但是仍然有著其理論自身難以克服的問題,需要后人在研究薩特自由理論時(shí)對(duì)其思想進(jìn)行批判與反思。薩特的自由思想不僅是對(duì)二十世紀(jì)的人們鼓勵(lì)、影響與引導(dǎo),對(duì)薩特的自由思想的研究對(duì)現(xiàn)代社會(huì)也有著深刻的意義。首先,本文將從社會(huì)歷史發(fā)展過程中對(duì)薩特自由觀產(chǎn)生影響的源頭出發(fā),主要通過對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)二戰(zhàn)背景和人本主義思潮的解析,以及對(duì)薩特自由觀繼承與發(fā)展和客觀環(huán)境的影響作為其自由觀產(chǎn)生的邏輯起點(diǎn),探究了薩特自由哲學(xué)產(chǎn)生之初的社會(huì)歷史背景和思想理論之淵源;其次,主要從自由與選擇、自由個(gè)人、自由他人、自由處境這四個(gè)方面論系統(tǒng)論述了薩特自由觀的內(nèi)涵,通過探討了存在與虛無、存在與本質(zhì)以及存在與自由的聯(lián)系而得出一系列隨著自由觀的發(fā)展形成的新思想,闡明了薩特自由觀帶來的后果,以及了四十年代末飽經(jīng)世故的薩特的自由觀所發(fā)生的轉(zhuǎn)變;再次,筆者將從辯證唯物主義和歷史唯物主義的角度,對(duì)薩特的自由理論的理論性質(zhì)及內(nèi)容做出符合實(shí)際的批判,具體地分析其理論的理論錯(cuò)誤、局限性以及錯(cuò)誤部分的成因,并與馬克思主義的正確思想價(jià)值觀形成對(duì)比,借此警示大眾從根本上理解自由的內(nèi)涵,并引導(dǎo)人們建立正確的自由觀;最后,通過對(duì)薩特自由理論錯(cuò)誤的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)以及消極因素進(jìn)行反思,分析其理論所帶來的消極影響,借鑒并繼承薩特自由理論中合理、積極的因素,并思考薩特的自由觀所帶給我們的現(xiàn)代啟示。薩特的自由觀重視人的個(gè)性與自由的發(fā)展,呼吁人們勇于追尋和探索自由的精神,對(duì)人們?cè)诂F(xiàn)代語境下更好的實(shí)現(xiàn)自由大有裨益。
[Abstract]:Freedom is the ultimate ideal of human yearning, and freedom plays an important role in human beings. Ever since ancient times, mankind has never stopped to pursue freedom, and the road to freedom is long and arduous, and it is a long and long way to go. Generations of philosophers have been pondering over freedom. French philosopher Sartre is also an unswerving forerunner on this road of freedom and a towering milestone in the quest for freedom. Throughout Sartre's philosophy of freedom, with the development of his different periods of life, there has been some progress in each stage, but there are still some problems in his theory which are difficult to overcome. It is necessary for later generations to criticize and reflect on Sartre's theory of freedom. Sartre's freedom thought not only encourages, influences and guides people in the 20th century, but also has profound significance to modern society. First of all, this paper will proceed from the source of the influence on Sartre's concept of freedom in the course of social and historical development, mainly through the analysis of the background of World War II and the trend of humanism at that time. As the logical starting point of Sartre's concept of freedom, the author probes into the social historical background and the origin of his thought and theory at the beginning of Sartre's free philosophy. Secondly, it systematically discusses the connotation of Sartre's concept of freedom from four aspects: freedom and choice, free individual, free others and free situation. The relationship between existence and essence and between existence and freedom leads to a series of new ideas formed with the development of the concept of freedom, expounds the consequences of Sartre's view of freedom, and the transformation of Sartre's concept of freedom which has been experienced in the late 1940s. Thirdly, from the angle of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, the author will criticize the theoretical nature and content of Sartre's freedom theory in accordance with the reality, and analyze concretely the theoretical errors, limitations and the causes of the errors in his theory. It contrasts with the correct thought and values of Marxism, so as to warn the masses to understand the connotation of freedom fundamentally, and to guide people to establish the correct view of freedom. Finally, through the reflection on the experience and lessons of Sartre's freedom theory and the negative factors, this paper analyzes the negative influence brought by his theory, and inherits the reasonable and positive factors in Sartre's freedom theory. And thinking about Sartre's concept of freedom to us the modern enlightenment. Sartre's concept of freedom attaches great importance to the development of human personality and freedom, and appeals to people to pursue and explore the spirit of freedom, which is of great benefit to people to realize their freedom better in the modern context.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：長安大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：B565.53

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本文編號(hào)：2388768