本文關(guān)鍵詞：東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)和蘭州方言問(wèn)候和告別言語(yǔ)行為的語(yǔ)用策略對(duì)比研究　出處：《蘭州大學(xué)》2016年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

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【摘要】：語(yǔ)言是迄今為止人們最基本的日常交流途徑,東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)作為東鄉(xiāng)族特有的語(yǔ)言,承載著該民族的歷史和文化,但是現(xiàn)在東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)已經(jīng)成為國(guó)內(nèi)公布的瀕危語(yǔ)之一,因此保護(hù)東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)勢(shì)在必行。在大部分語(yǔ)言中,問(wèn)候語(yǔ)和告別語(yǔ)是建立和維持社會(huì)關(guān)系的兩種有效途徑,在日常生活和交際中扮演著十分重要的角色。問(wèn)候是人們之間情感交流和加強(qiáng)理解的不可缺少的因素,它意味著人際交往的開(kāi)始,告別則意味著人際交往的結(jié)束,后者更加強(qiáng)調(diào)會(huì)話(huà)雙方的關(guān)系。當(dāng)問(wèn)候或告別時(shí),不同文化背景的人們會(huì)誤解對(duì)方并導(dǎo)致語(yǔ)用失誤。因此我們必須在問(wèn)候和告別時(shí)基于不同的社會(huì)語(yǔ)用因素,這樣就能夠傳遞我們想要表達(dá)的意義。當(dāng)然不管用何種方式,我們都需要保持禮貌,盡量使用合適的話(huà)語(yǔ)維持對(duì)方的面子。所以對(duì)兩種不同社會(huì)背景下問(wèn)候語(yǔ)和告別語(yǔ)的對(duì)比研究有著重要意義。之前對(duì)東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)的研究主要集中在生態(tài)語(yǔ)言學(xué)和文化的角度,本研究則著重從社會(huì)語(yǔ)用學(xué)的角度進(jìn)行分析。本研究從社會(huì)語(yǔ)用學(xué)的角度考察問(wèn)候和告別言語(yǔ)行為,探討禮貌與言語(yǔ)行為的關(guān)系,并考察年齡和權(quán)勢(shì)因素對(duì)東鄉(xiāng)族人們實(shí)施問(wèn)候和告別語(yǔ)語(yǔ)用策略有何影響,同時(shí)探討東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)和蘭州方言中人們實(shí)施問(wèn)候和告別語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)用策略時(shí)有何異同以及產(chǎn)生異同的原因。本研究主要參考Blum-Kulka等人1989年的“跨文化言語(yǔ)行為實(shí)現(xiàn)研究項(xiàng)目”(CCSARP)的研究方法,通過(guò)訪(fǎng)談,錄音錄像,角色扮演獲得自然和半自然語(yǔ)料,并基于這些語(yǔ)料,設(shè)計(jì)調(diào)查問(wèn)卷,經(jīng)過(guò)預(yù)測(cè)——修改——大范圍的問(wèn)卷調(diào)查的過(guò)程,收集語(yǔ)料。之后采用定量和定性?xún)煞N研究方法,對(duì)東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)和蘭州方言實(shí)施問(wèn)候和告別語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)用策略進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析。本研究的對(duì)象分別來(lái)自土生土長(zhǎng)的操東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)和蘭州方言的本族語(yǔ)使用者中,研究者隨機(jī)選擇東鄉(xiāng)縣汪集鎮(zhèn)和榆中縣高崖鎮(zhèn)村民各330名作為受試。其中東鄉(xiāng)族男性青年55人,男性中年55人,男性老年55人,女性同上。蘭州漢族男性青年,中年,老年各55人,女性同上,年齡均在16到70歲之間。最終東鄉(xiāng)族得到有效問(wèn)卷300份,蘭州得到有效問(wèn)卷312份。本研究主要回答四個(gè)研究問(wèn)題:(1)東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)和蘭州方言中,在問(wèn)候和告別時(shí),主要使用的語(yǔ)用策略有哪些?(2)年齡對(duì)東鄉(xiāng)族人們?cè)趯?shí)施問(wèn)候和告別語(yǔ)語(yǔ)用策略時(shí)是否存在影響?如果有影響,有何異同?(3)權(quán)勢(shì)對(duì)東鄉(xiāng)族人們?cè)趯?shí)施問(wèn)候和告別語(yǔ)語(yǔ)用策略時(shí)是否存在影響?如果有影響,有何異同?(4)東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)和蘭州方言中,實(shí)施問(wèn)候和告別語(yǔ)時(shí),語(yǔ)用策略的選擇是否存在異同,為什么?研究結(jié)果表明:(1)在東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)和蘭州方言中,所有問(wèn)候語(yǔ)和告別語(yǔ)語(yǔ)用策略均被受試者選擇使用,但是各項(xiàng)策略的使用頻次差異較大。例如:東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)中間接問(wèn)候的頻次遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于蘭州方言中的頻次。(2)年齡因素對(duì)東鄉(xiāng)族人們?cè)趯?shí)施問(wèn)候和告別語(yǔ)語(yǔ)用策略時(shí)有影響且不同年齡之間存在異同。例如:在使用寒暄式問(wèn)候,稱(chēng)贊式問(wèn)候,關(guān)心式問(wèn)候以及因由式告別,直陳式告別,建議式告別時(shí),調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)顯示,均存在顯著性差異。東鄉(xiāng)老年在打招呼時(shí)傾向于使用關(guān)心式問(wèn)候以表示關(guān)心和在意,而青年卻更多的使用寒暄式問(wèn)候以表示親近和隨意。(3)權(quán)勢(shì)因素對(duì)東鄉(xiāng)族人們?cè)趯?shí)施問(wèn)候和告別語(yǔ)語(yǔ)用策略時(shí)有影響且權(quán)勢(shì)不同者存在異同。首先,權(quán)勢(shì)的高低對(duì)稱(chēng)呼的使用有明顯的影響。例如:低權(quán)勢(shì)者使用稱(chēng)呼的頻次多于高權(quán)勢(shì)者。其次,在東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)中,高權(quán)勢(shì)者和低權(quán)勢(shì)者在實(shí)施直接問(wèn)候和間接問(wèn)候時(shí)都存在顯著性差異。最后,對(duì)于附加策略而言,除了建議式告別,其余策略的使用情況都表現(xiàn)出顯著性差異,例如:對(duì)于高權(quán)勢(shì)者最常用的告別語(yǔ)用策略為直陳式告別,而對(duì)于低權(quán)勢(shì)者,最常用的則為因由式告別。(4)東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)和蘭州方言在實(shí)施問(wèn)候和告別語(yǔ)語(yǔ)用策略時(shí),既存在相似之處,又有不同之處。相似點(diǎn)主要是對(duì)間接問(wèn)候和告別語(yǔ)用策略的使用,不管是東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)還是蘭州方言都表現(xiàn)出較高的頻次,不同之處則在于各項(xiàng)附加策略使用的具體頻次以及高頻低頻的排列順序。例如:東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)中最常使用的是寒暄式問(wèn)候,而蘭州方言中卻是稱(chēng)謂式問(wèn)候。東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)和蘭州方言中,建議式告別的使用頻次都為最高,但其次東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)中為因由式告別而蘭州方言中為囑咐式告別�？傊�,東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)和蘭州方言在實(shí)施問(wèn)候和告別語(yǔ)語(yǔ)用策略時(shí)存在異同,本研究將從社會(huì)語(yǔ)用學(xué)以及禮貌原則等角度分析討論異同產(chǎn)生的原因。
[Abstract]:The language is so far the most basic way of daily communication, Dongxiang Dongxiang nationality language as a special language, carrying the nation's history and culture, but now Dongxiang has become one of the domestic published endangered language, therefore the protection of Dongxiang is imperative. In most languages, greetings and partings is to establish and maintain two an effective way of social relations, plays a very important role in the daily life and communication between people. Greetings are factors of emotional communication and strengthen the understanding of the essential, it means the beginning of interpersonal communication, farewell means the end of interpersonal communication, which emphasizes more on the relationship between the participants when greeting or farewell. And people from different cultural backgrounds will misunderstand each other and lead to pragmatic failure. So we must be based on different social pragmatic factors in greeting and farewell, so it can We want to transfer the meaning of the expression. Of course, regardless of what way, we all need to be polite and try to use proper words to maintain the other face. So the comparative study of two kinds of different social background of greeting and farewell is of great significance. The previous researches on Dongxiang language focused on the ecological and cultural linguistics this study focuses on the perspective from the perspectives of sociolinguistics and pragmatics analysis. Perspective of greeting and farewell speech act from the society of pragmatics, to explore the relationship between politeness and speech acts, and the effects of age and power for Dongxiang people to implement the impact of greetings and partings and pragmatic strategy, pragmatic strategies greeting and farewell to implement people in Dongxiang language and Lanzhou dialect of the similarities and differences between them. This study mainly refer to Blum-Kulka et al. 1989 " Cultural Speech Act Realization Research Project "(CCSARP) research methods, through interviews, video recording, role playing for natural and semi natural corpus, and based on these data, the design of the questionnaire, after forecasting - modify - process, a large-scale questionnaire survey to collect data. After using two kinds of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Pragmatic strategy implementation greetings and farewell to Dongxiang dialect and Lanzhou dialect were analyzed. The subjects of this study were from the native language and the Lanzhou dialect speaking Dongxiang native speakers, Gao Ya Zhen researchers randomly selected Dongxiang county and Yuzhong County, the villagers Wang Ji Zhen 330 subjects. The Dongxiang nationality young men 55 people, middle-aged male 55 people, male 55 people, female ibid. Lanzhou Han male youth, middle-aged and elderly women as above, each 55 people, between ages 16 to 70 years. The final in Dongxiang Family of 300 valid questionnaires, Lanzhou obtained 312 valid questionnaires. This study is to answer four research questions: (1) Dongxiang dialect and Lanzhou dialect, hello and goodbye, what are the pragmatic strategies used? (2) the impact of age on Dongxiang people is in the implementation of greeting and farewell. When pragmatic strategies exist? If yes, what are the differences? (3) influence of Dongxiang people in the implementation of greetings and partings of pragmatic strategies when exist? If yes, what are the differences? (4) Dongxiang dialect and Lanzhou dialect, the implementation of greeting and farewell, whether the selection of pragmatic strategies there are similarities and differences, why? The results show that: (1) in Dongxiang dialect and Lanzhou dialect, all greetings and partings of pragmatic strategies are the subjects choose to use, but the frequency of use of the difference strategy greatly. For example: indirect greetings Dongxiang language frequency is greater In the dialect of Lanzhou (2). The frequency of age on the similarities and differences of Dongxiang people and the influence of different age in the implementation of greetings and partings between pragmatic strategies. For example: the use of greeting greeting, compliment greeting, greeting and farewell care cause type, l'indicatif farewell, farewell proposal, survey data show that there are significant differences. In Dongxiang greeted the elderly tend to use care type to greet concern and care, while young people are more used to say to greeting greeting and free. (3) the power factors of the similarities and differences of Dongxiang people in the implementation of greeting and farewell with pragmatic strategies and the influence of different power. First, the power level has obvious influence on the use of the name. For example: low power use call frequency more than high power. Secondly, in Dongxiang, high power and low power in real There was significant difference between direct and indirect application of greeting greetings. Finally, suggestions for additional strategies, in addition to the use of other strategies goodbye, are showing significant differences, such as: high power for the most commonly used strategy for pragmatic l'indicatif farewell farewell, and for low power, is the most commonly used for the reason goodbye. (4) the Dongxiang language and Lanzhou dialect in the implementation of greetings and partings of pragmatic strategies, both similarities and differences. The similarities are mainly used for indirect greeting and farewell pragmatic strategy, whether it is Dongxiang or Lanzhou dialect showed a higher frequency, the difference is the use of the additional strategy specific frequency and the high frequency and the low frequency sequence. For example: the most commonly used language in Dongxiang is greeting greeting, while Lanzhou dialect is the appellation of greeting Dongxiang language and Lanzhou dialect. In the proposal farewell to the frequency of use is the highest, but the second language in Dongxiang for the cause and type in Lanzhou dialect to bid farewell goodbye. In a word, the Dongxiang language and Lanzhou dialect there are similarities and differences in the implementation of greetings and partings of pragmatic strategies, this study will analyze the social pragmatics and politeness principles discussed reasons the similarities and differences.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：H233;H172.2

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