【摘要】：眾所周知,在20世紀50年代的歐、美國家發(fā)生了一場“認知革命”,誕生了認知科學。認知科學是研究人類從感覺到思維信息加工過程的科學,包括從感覺輸入到復雜問題的求解,從人類個體到人類社會的智能活動,以及人類智能與機器智能的性質(zhì)。(史忠植余志華1990) 1999年,美國學者雷可夫和約翰遜進一步闡明認知科學是研究概念系統(tǒng)的科學,是以經(jīng)驗為依據(jù)對心智進行研究的科學,并將認知科學劃分為第一代認知科學和第二代認知科學。 21世紀伊始,霍華德(Howard2004)提出了第三代認知科學,即認知神經(jīng)科學。它采用高科技腦成像技術和計算機模擬技術,闡釋認知活動、語言能力與腦神經(jīng)的復雜關系,揭示了人腦高級加工功能的奧秘。(齊振海,彭聃齡2007) 認知科學視域下的語言研究更加注重語言的生物學基礎(Chomsky2005),側(cè)重研究人類生物屬性中與語言使用和習得緊密相關的“語言機能”。喬姆斯基認為語言機能是自然世界里的組成部分,應采用半個世紀前就已顯著發(fā)展并且一直得到廣泛關注的生物學方法去關注和探討語言內(nèi)化的認知機制。 第二代和第三代認知科學試圖利用先進的科學技術(即腦成像技術),研究語言產(chǎn)生和理解的認知神經(jīng)機制,揭示人腦高級加工功能的奧秘。因此,此類研究具有十分重要的理論意義及廣闊的應用價值。 語言是人類所獨有的交際工具,對語言的認知研究已經(jīng)成為生物語言學、認知語言學和神經(jīng)語言學的重要課題。本論文試圖運用認知語言學的相關理論,詮釋現(xiàn)代漢語“視—知—言”連續(xù)統(tǒng)實據(jù)性及實據(jù)性成分,揭示漢民族語言的實據(jù)性及實據(jù)性成分背后所隱含的認知機制及文化理據(jù)。首先,本論文在第二章對人類語言的實據(jù)性進行了客觀性的描寫,考察了常用實據(jù)成分的使用場合、原因和方式；其次,本論文運用最新語言主觀性理論、交互主觀性理論、構(gòu)式語法理論、心智空間理論,闡釋了漢語實據(jù)性及實據(jù)成分背后所隱含的認知機制；其三,本論文在收集了大量現(xiàn)代漢語語料的基礎上,對漢語實據(jù)性及實據(jù)性成分背后所隱含的認知機制進行了實證性研究與分析；其四,本論文在揭示現(xiàn)代漢語實據(jù)性及實據(jù)成分背后隱含的認知機制及文化理據(jù)的同時,也為國內(nèi)少數(shù)民族語言開展實據(jù)性研究提供了理論依據(jù)及研究范式。 第一章簡要地介紹了論文的研究背景及研究意義。人們在使用語言的過程中總是要自覺或不自覺地表達自己所說話語的來源,以顯示話語的可靠性,這就是語言的實據(jù)功能(evidential function),其成分包括詞匯、短語、插入語、句法等。換句話說,就是聽話人能夠根據(jù)說話人使用詞、短語、句法來判斷其所說的話語是否可信,話語的來源是否可靠。我們所采用的語料主要是書面語語料,主要來源于超過2億漢字的北京大學CCL語料庫和《中國現(xiàn)代文學百部名著》里的現(xiàn)代文學作家的作品。 第二章介紹了語言實據(jù)性的定義、使用場合、產(chǎn)生的動因及理解方式,綜述了國外實據(jù)性研究的四大理論：Chafe理論(1986)、Anderson理論(1986)、Palmer理論(2001)和Aikhenvald理論(2004)。其次,論文對語言的實據(jù)性進行了狹義實據(jù)性與廣義實據(jù)性分類。 第三章詳述了語言實據(jù)性研究的四大理論,分別是：語言主觀性、交互主觀性、構(gòu)式語法及心智空間。語言主觀性認為當說話人述說一個信息時,他有必要為他如何獲取這個信息采取一個“姿態(tài)”,這個“姿態(tài)”就是說話人對信息的認識立場。認識立場是信息建構(gòu)的一個必要組成部分,和其他必要組成部分共同發(fā)揮著作用。促使說話人采取某一認識立場的動機是語用問題,只有分析說話人表述知識狀況的語言策略才能知曉。 第四章選用了漢語“感官動詞”、“認知動詞”和“言說動詞”三類,它們屬于心理動詞范圍,具有十分重要的研究價值。感官詞的分類基于“感知事件”的認知劃分,任何一個感知事件都可以被描述為一個語義框架,在該框架中,存在著三類語義實體——感知主體、感知動作／行為、感知結(jié)果,分別對應于三類詞法范疇——感官名詞、感官動詞、感官性質(zhì)詞。按照“五覺”的自然分類,感官詞可以分為視覺詞、聽覺詞、嗅覺詞、味覺詞和觸覺詞五類。 第五章介紹了語法化的定義：通常指語言中意義實在的詞轉(zhuǎn)化為無實在意義、表語法功能成分的詞,這一演變過程或現(xiàn)象在中國傳統(tǒng)語言學里被稱為“實詞虛化”。本論文所研究的語法化為狹義的語法化,即實詞演變成語法標記、語法范疇、語法構(gòu)造或慣用表達的過程或現(xiàn)象。其內(nèi)容主要研究感官動詞“看類”、認知動詞“想類”和言說動詞“言類”是如何從實詞演變?yōu)榫哂袑崜?jù)性意義的“話語標記”的。 在第六章,我們得出以下結(jié)論：現(xiàn)代漢語實據(jù)性背后的認知機制為：語法化的認知機制、概念隱喻的認知機制、詞匯化的認知機制及文化的理據(jù)性。 論文以三代認知科學為研究基礎,喬姆斯基認為語言研究是生物學分支,雷可夫和約翰遜認為語言、認知及思維根植于有機體的感覺運動系統(tǒng),霍華德認為利用腦成像技術,可以揭示語言與腦神經(jīng)的奧秘。認知科學為語言的認知研究,特別是現(xiàn)代漢語實據(jù)性研究指明了發(fā)展方向。 今后,作者將從兩個方面繼續(xù)從事相關的研究：繼續(xù)就現(xiàn)代漢語感官動詞、認知動詞和言說動詞進行全面深入的研究,窮盡其語義、句法、語用及篇章用法；繼續(xù)深入探討漢語實據(jù)性的內(nèi)容,可以把實據(jù)性的研究運用到對外交流之中,以促進國與國之間、民族之間的相互理解,增進相互間的友誼。
[Abstract]:As is known to all, in Europe in the 1950s, a "cognitive revolution" took place in the United States, giving birth to cognitive science. Cognitive science is a science that studies the process of human beings'sensory thinking information processing, from sensory input to the solution of complex problems, from the intelligent activities of human individuals to human society, as well as human intelligence and machine intelligence. The nature of energy. (Shi Zhongzhi Yu Zhihua 1990)
In 1999, American scholars Rakoff and Johnson further clarified that cognitive science is the science of conceptual system, the science of mind based on experience, and divided cognitive science into the first generation of cognitive science and the second generation of cognitive science.
At the beginning of the 21st century, Howard (2004) proposed the third generation of cognitive science, cognitive neuroscience. It uses high-tech brain imaging technology and computer simulation technology to explain the complex relationship between cognitive activity, language ability and brain nerves, revealing the mystery of advanced processing function of the human brain. (Qi Zhenhai, Peng Guling, 2007)
Language research from the perspective of cognitive science pays more attention to the biological basis of language (Chomsky 2005), focusing on the "language functions" closely related to language use and acquisition in human biological attributes. We should pay close attention to the biological methods to pay attention to and explore the cognitive mechanism of language internalization.
The second and third generations of cognitive science attempt to use advanced science and technology (i.e. brain imaging technology) to study the cognitive neural mechanism of language production and understanding and to reveal the mystery of human brain's advanced processing function.
Language is a unique communicative tool for human beings, and the cognitive study of language has become an important topic in biolinguistics, cognitive linguistics and neurolinguistics.This paper attempts to use the relevant theories of cognitive linguistics to interpret the evidential and evidential components of the continuum of "sight-knowledge-speech" in modern Chinese and reveal the evidential elements of the language of the Han nationality. The cognitive mechanism and cultural motivation behind sexual and evidential elements. Firstly, this thesis describes objectively the evidentiality of human language in Chapter 2, examining the occasions, reasons and ways in which the commonly used evidential elements are used. Secondly, this thesis applies the latest Linguistic Subjectivity theory, the theory of interactive subjectivity, and the theory of constructive grammar. On the basis of the theory of mental space, this paper explains the cognitive mechanism behind the evidential and evidential components of Chinese; thirdly, on the basis of collecting a large number of modern Chinese corpus, this paper makes an empirical study and analysis of the cognitive mechanism behind the evidential and evidential components of Chinese; fourthly, this paper reveals the modern Chinese language. At the same time, the cognitive mechanism and cultural motivation behind the evidence and its components also provide theoretical basis and research paradigm for the empirical study of minority languages in China.
Chapter One gives a brief introduction to the background and significance of the study. In the process of using language, people always consciously or unconsciously express the source of their utterances in order to show the reliability of their utterances. This is the evidential function of language. Its components include vocabulary, phrases, parentheses, syntax and so on. The corpus we use is mainly written corpus, mainly from the Beijing University CCL corpus with more than 200 million Chinese characters and the modern literary writers in the 100 Masterpieces of modern Chinese literature. Works.
Chapter 2 introduces the definition, use situation, motivation and comprehension of linguistic evidence, and summarizes four theories of empirical research abroad: Chafe Theory (1986), Anderson Theory (1986), Palmer Theory (2001) and Aikhenvald Theory (2004). Secondly, the thesis makes a distinction between narrow and broad empirical evidence of linguistic evidence. Class.
Chapter 3 elaborates on four theories of linguistic evidential research, namely, linguistic subjectivity, interactive subjectivity, constructive grammar and mental space. Cognitive stance is an essential component of information construction and plays a role with other necessary components. The motivation for a speaker to adopt a cognitive position is a pragmatic problem, which can only be known by analyzing the linguistic strategies used by the speaker to express his knowledge.
Chapter 4 chooses three types of Chinese sensory verbs, cognitive verbs and verbs of speech, which belong to the scope of psychological verbs and are of great research value. According to the natural classification of "five senses", sensory words can be divided into five categories: visual words, auditory words, olfactory words, taste words and tactile words.
Chapter Five introduces the definition of grammaticalization: usually refers to the transformation of words with real meaning into words with no real meaning and expressing grammatical functional components, which is called "substantive emptiness" in traditional Chinese linguistics. Categories, grammatical constructions, or processes or phenomena of idiomatic expression. The main contents of the study are the sensory verb "Kan Lei", the cognitive verb "Wan Lei" and the verb "Speech Lei" how to evolve from the notional verb into the substantiative "discourse marker".
In Chapter 6, we draw the following conclusions: the cognitive mechanism behind the substantiality of modern Chinese is grammaticalization, conceptual metaphor, Lexicalization and cultural motivation.
Based on three generations of cognitive science, Chomsky believes that language research is a branch of biology. Rakoff and Johnson believe that language, cognition and thinking are rooted in the sensorimotor system of organisms. Howard believes that the use of brain imaging technology can reveal the mysteries of language and brain nerves. It is pointed out that the development direction of modern Chinese is based on the evidence theory.
In the future, the author will continue to conduct relevant research from two aspects: continue to conduct a comprehensive and in-depth study of sensory verbs, cognitive verbs and verbs of speech in modern Chinese, exhausting their semantics, syntax, pragmatics and textual usage; continue to explore the content of Chinese substantiality, we can apply the research of substantiality to foreign exchanges. Promote mutual understanding among nations and enhance mutual friendship.
【學位授予單位】：中央民族大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：H146

【參考文獻】

相關期刊論文 前10條

1 馬云霞;;“看”與“X+看”的語法化與主觀化[J];北京廣播電視大學學報;2011年04期

2 駱蓉;;言語類致使—施動句式的構(gòu)式解讀[J];長春理工大學學報;2011年06期

3 歐陽曉芳;;基于認知的詞義聚合網(wǎng)絡構(gòu)建理論及方式探索——以“看”類動詞為例[J];長江學術;2011年04期

4 牛保義;國外實據(jù)性理論研究[J];當代語言學;2005年01期

5 韓玉國;漢語視覺動詞的語義投射及語法化構(gòu)擬[J];外國語言文學;2003年04期

6 楊一飛;;感觀類話語標記語初探——以“你+感觀動詞”(看、聽、說、講、想、知道、認為等)為例[J];福建論壇(社科教育版);2011年04期

7 鐘守滿;;英漢言語行為動詞被動(字)句語義認知分析[J];東華理工學院學報(社會科學版);2007年03期

8 郭莉琳;;試探語助詞“看”的語法化[J];貴陽學院學報(社會科學版);2007年02期

9 歐亞美;;從認知角度看言語行為動詞的習得[J];貴州民族學院學報(哲學社會科學版);2010年03期

10 方寅;夏燕舞;;言說動詞研究述評[J];安慶師范學院學報(社會科學版);2012年05期

相關博士學位論文 前8條

1 張磊;漢英視覺動詞語法化的認知研究[D];中央民族大學;2006年

2 孫英杰;現(xiàn)代漢語體系統(tǒng)研究[D];北京語言大學;2006年

3 羅曉英;現(xiàn)代漢語假設性虛擬范疇研究[D];暨南大學;2006年

4 武文杰;現(xiàn)代漢語視覺行為動詞研究[D];山東大學;2008年

5 蘭佳睿;現(xiàn)代漢語心理動詞的量性特征[D];復旦大學;2008年

6 張明輝;認知類動詞及相關句式研究[D];蘇州大學;2008年

7 樊青杰;現(xiàn)代漢語傳信范疇研究[D];北京語言大學;2008年

8 段蕓;言語行為語力的認知語言學研究[D];西南大學;2011年

相關碩士學位論文 前10條

1 杜姍姍;Tell（告訴）類動詞語義結(jié)構(gòu)認知分析[D];江西師范大學;2004年

2 夏賽輝;漢語或然性認識情態(tài)動詞語法化研究[D];湖南大學;2004年

3 韓琴;心理動詞句法語義研究[D];華中師范大學;2006年

4 喬麗彩;現(xiàn)代漢語心理動詞研究[D];河北師范大學;2006年

5 丁薇;現(xiàn)代漢語心理動詞相關問題的研究[D];上海師范大學;2008年

6 蔡俊杰;現(xiàn)代漢語言說類動詞考察[D];上海師范大學;2008年

7 毛燕;現(xiàn)代漢語意愿助動詞研究[D];上海師范大學;2010年

8 苗麗;推論性話語標記“你看”研究[D];華東師范大學;2010年

9 朱麗娟;基于配價理論的現(xiàn)代漢語心理動詞研究[D];四川外語學院;2012年

10 劉娜;“你+感官動詞”類話語標記語的功能及形成分析[D];曲阜師范大學;2012年

，

本文編號：2222236