本文選題：心理治療話語 + 話語分析��； 參考：《華中師范大學(xué)》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：心理治療是“以言治病”(talking cure)的實踐活動,是在良好的治療關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上,由經(jīng)過專業(yè)訓(xùn)練的治療師運用心理治療的有關(guān)理論和技術(shù),通過交談對來訪者進行幫助的過程,以消除或緩解來訪者的問題或障礙,促進其人格向健康、協(xié)調(diào)的方向發(fā)展。心理治療話語是各種心理治療知識、治療理論、治療模式、治療技術(shù)、治療方面的專業(yè)術(shù)語以及治療實踐的總和。話語在心理治療實踐中的重要性使其成為心理咨詢研究中的一個重要領(lǐng)域。國外對心理治療話語的研究起步較早,具有多元化特征。研究角度比較多樣化,既有心理學(xué)視角的研究,也有社會學(xué)和語言學(xué)角度的研究。研究內(nèi)容也十分廣泛,既涉及對心理治療話語技術(shù)和策略的研究,也涉及對心理治療會談中的角色、權(quán)力等的研究,還涉及對心理治療會談的互動過程和互動規(guī)律的研究以及對會談中的具體言語行為的研究。近年來,會話分析已成為國外心理治療話語研究的主流。研究方法也從最初的定性分析轉(zhuǎn)向一定程度的定性分析和定量分析相結(jié)合。國外心理治療話語的研究的不足之處在于對大規(guī)模語料的定量分析較少,而且較少關(guān)注來訪者的話語行為。相比較而言,國內(nèi)對心理治療話語的研究,尤其是語言學(xué)視角的研究才剛剛起步。研究內(nèi)容以心理學(xué)角度的話語技術(shù)(尤其是提問技術(shù))的研究為主,初步涉及語言學(xué)角度的對會話結(jié)構(gòu)、言語行為、合作原則、話語權(quán)力、話語策略、話語體裁等方面的研究。國內(nèi)心理治療話語研究的不足主要表現(xiàn)在：重結(jié)果的研究,輕過程的研究；重策略(即會談技術(shù))的研究,輕客觀描述和解釋性的研究；重治療師語言的研究,輕來訪者語言的研究；重定性研究,輕定量分析。到目前為止,國內(nèi)尚沒有人利用心理治療的真實語料從話語分析的角度對心理治療中的實際話語活動進行研究。因此,從整體上而言,國內(nèi)心理治療話語研究的深度和廣度急需加強。鑒于上述情況,本文以話語分析理論、目的與合作原則以及治療關(guān)系理論為基礎(chǔ)對中國心理治療話語的語用特征進行了研究,研究內(nèi)容主要包括心理治療會談中的問答互動結(jié)構(gòu)、對應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)、解述話語、問話的預(yù)設(shè)機制與語用功能等方面。本研究旨在揭示心理治療會話交際過程,展現(xiàn)心理治療話語的語用特征及其所蘊含的合作與權(quán)力關(guān)系,豐富并深化人們對心理治療以及治療關(guān)系的認(rèn)識,彌補心理治療話語研究方面的不足,最終為語言學(xué)研究和心理咨詢業(yè)的發(fā)展提供啟示。本研究的語料來自華南地區(qū)幾家醫(yī)院的近20場心理治療門診會談,我們對這些會談進行了錄音和詳細(xì)的轉(zhuǎn)寫,形成了20多萬字的語料。會談類型主要涉及個人治療(individual therapy),不涉及團體治療(group therapy),其中包括一些個案的首次和后期治療。此外,會談中的治療師在理論和技術(shù)上基本上采取的是以人本主義為主,其它治療理論和方法為輔的綜合療法。研究方法上我們主要采取定性分析和定量分析相結(jié)合,在觀察心理治療話語以及會話交際的基礎(chǔ)上,對會話的某個語用特征在語料庫中出現(xiàn)的規(guī)律和特點進行真實、客觀的描述,然后提出研究的問題并從話語分析、目的和合作原則以及治療關(guān)系理論的視角進行多方位、多視角的解釋,最后根據(jù)這些描述和解釋,我們提出該研究對語言學(xué)以及心理咨詢業(yè)的啟示。研究表明：第一,在心理治療會話交際過程中,治療雙方的總目的關(guān)系是一致的。治療師和來訪者的關(guān)系屬于來訪者向心理治療師求助時當(dāng)場形成的目的一致關(guān)系,因此互動雙方在最大程度上是合作的�；谥委熽P(guān)系的幫助-被幫助特性以及總目的關(guān)系的一致,心理治療中的子目的關(guān)系在治療過程的不同階段也基本表現(xiàn)出一致,因而總的說來,在治療過程的各個階段,治療師與來訪者之間的合作程度較高。但是心理治療會話交際中也存在子目的沖突的現(xiàn)象。來訪者通常以沉默、答非所問、或者轉(zhuǎn)移話題的方式來回避治療師提出的問題,表現(xiàn)出不愿意合作或者合作程度較低,其目的是進行自我防護、為自己的思想和行為辯護,挽救自身的面子等等。這些目的沖突關(guān)系是心理治療中的阻力。第二,在心理治療會話交際中,合作與干預(yù)是治療關(guān)系中的一對統(tǒng)一體。合作是目的,干預(yù)是手段,治療師的干預(yù)的目的是為了促進合作。治療師與來訪者的合作程度決定了治療關(guān)系好壞,從而影響治療過程以及療效。治療關(guān)系表現(xiàn)為話語權(quán)力關(guān)系。第三,治療雙方在心理治療會話交際中構(gòu)建了一種不平等的話語權(quán)力關(guān)系,這種不平等的權(quán)力關(guān)系是由治療師和來訪者所固有的角色性權(quán)力、社會性權(quán)力和歷史性權(quán)力以及交際互動中所擁有的動態(tài)的內(nèi)在權(quán)力、合作權(quán)和控制權(quán)的不對稱所造成的,但是這種不對稱的話語權(quán)力關(guān)系不是靜態(tài)的、成不變的,而是動態(tài)發(fā)展的,而且這種不對稱會對治療關(guān)系造成損害,從而影響治療的過程和效果。第四,心理治療話語的語用研究應(yīng)該置入一個包括目的關(guān)系、話語權(quán)力關(guān)系、治療關(guān)系、合作與干預(yù)、會話交際以及語言學(xué)研究和心理咨詢業(yè)實踐在內(nèi)的多視角、多維度、多功能的復(fù)雜的關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)中進行。這就是本研究提出的心理治療話語的整體分析框架。本研究的貢獻主要體現(xiàn)在理論和實踐兩個層面。理論方面：第一,在國內(nèi)率先進行了語言學(xué)視角下對心理治療會談?wù)鎸嵳Z料的實證分析,豐富了國內(nèi)外心理治療話語研究,尤其是對治療雙方的互動以及對來訪者的話語行為的研究。第二,驗證了話語的目的原則在心理治療話語研究領(lǐng)域的適用性。在心理治療過程中,治療雙方(尤其是治療師)總是運用具體的話語策略和話語手段來實現(xiàn)心理治療的總目的以及治療各個階段的子目的。第三,驗證了話語的權(quán)力本質(zhì)理論,揭示了心理治療會話交際中治療雙方不平等的話語權(quán)力關(guān)系。實踐方面的貢獻：第一,有助于治療雙方了解自身在會話中的角色、地位和權(quán)力,更有助于治療師認(rèn)真審視治療關(guān)系的現(xiàn)狀,從而做到針對不同的治療對象,在治療過程的不同階段,有意識地與來訪者建立良好的治療關(guān)系。第二,有助于治療師通過有效運用不同的問話類型、合理使用問話的數(shù)量、正確選擇對應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)的模式和類型、增加對來訪者話語的回應(yīng)、適當(dāng)運用解述以及巧妙運用問話預(yù)設(shè)等改變自身的話語實踐,從而營造一個易于使來訪者合作的環(huán)境,與來訪者建立良好的治療關(guān)系,以改善話語權(quán)力關(guān)系的不對稱。第三,有助于來訪者改善自己的話語實踐,即通過啟動更多的問話和對應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)、給予更多回應(yīng)以及參與治療師的協(xié)作性解述等積極參與交際互動,從而提高自己的主體性,增強自己的內(nèi)在權(quán)力,促使自身發(fā)生積極改變�？傊�,本研究通過對心理治療話語的語用特征的實證研究,揭示了心理治療雙方的合作性與不平等的話語權(quán)力關(guān)系,這對促進治療雙方的合作,消除權(quán)力的不對稱,從而最終建立平等、互動、合作的治療關(guān)系具有重要意義。
[Abstract]:Psychotherapy is the practice of "talking cure". On the basis of good treatment relationship, it is based on the theory and technology of psychotherapy by therapists trained by professional training to help the visitors through conversation in order to eliminate or relieve the visitors' problems or obstacles and promote their human health. Psychotherapy discourse is the sum of various kinds of psychotherapy knowledge, treatment theory, treatment model, treatment technology, treatment technology and the sum of treatment practice. The importance of discourse in psychotherapy practice makes it a key field in psychological consultation research. It has diversified features. It has a variety of perspectives, both psychological and sociological and linguistic studies. The research is also extensive, involving the study of psychotherapy discourse techniques and strategies, as well as on the role and power of the psychotherapy talks, as well as on psychological treatment. In recent years, conversational analysis has become the mainstream of foreign psychotherapy discourse research. Research methods have also shifted from qualitative analysis to a certain degree of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. The deficiency is that the quantitative analysis of large corpus is less and less concerned about the speech behavior of the visitors. In comparison, the research on psychotherapy discourse in China, especially the linguistic perspective, is just starting. The study of conversational structure, speech act, cooperative principle, discourse power, discourse strategy, discourse genre, and so on. The deficiency of domestic psychotherapy discourse is mainly manifested in the study of the heavy results, the study of light process, the study of the heavy strategy (that is, the skill of talks), the light objective description and the interpretative study; retreatment The study of the language of the therapist, the study of the language of the visitor, the heavy qualitative research, the light quantitative analysis. So far, no one in China has used the real corpus of psychotherapy to study the actual discourse activity in psychotherapy from the point of view of discourse analysis. Therefore, in the whole, the depth and wide study of the domestic psychotherapy discourse is on the whole. In view of the above, this paper studies the pragmatic features of Chinese psychotherapy discourse based on the theory of discourse analysis, the purpose and the principle of cooperation and the theory of treatment relations. The main contents include the interactive structure of the questions and answers in the psychotherapy talks, and the presupposition mechanism and pragmatics of the structure, the utterance, the interrogation. The purpose of this study is to reveal the process of psychotherapy conversational communication, to show the pragmatic features of psychotherapy discourse and the relationship of cooperation and power, to enrich and deepen people's understanding of psychotherapy and treatment relations, to make up for the deficiencies in the study of psychotherapy discourse, and ultimately to the linguistic and psychological consulting industry. The corpus of this study came from nearly 20 psychotherapy outpatient talks in several hospitals in Southern China. We made recordings and detailed transcripts of these talks to form a corpus of more than 20 thousand words. The types of talks mainly involved individual therapy, not group therapy (group therapy), including the group treatment (group therapy). For the first time and later treatment in some cases, the therapist in the talks, in theory and technology, basically adopted a comprehensive therapy based on humanism and other therapeutic theories and methods. In the study method, we mainly adopt qualitative and quantitative analysis to observe psychotherapy discourse and conversational communication basis. On the basis of this, we make a real and objective description of the laws and characteristics of a pragmatic feature of a conversation in the corpus, and then put forward the problems of the study and explain the multidimensional and multi perspective interpretation from the perspective of discourse analysis, purposes and cooperation principles and the theory of treatment relations. The study of linguistics and psychological consultation shows that: first, in the process of psychotherapy conversational communication, the relationship between the two sides of the treatment is consistent. The relationship between the therapist and the visitor belongs to the consistency of the purpose of the visitor to the therapist on the spot, so the two parties are in the greatest degree of cooperation. Based on the help characteristics of the treatment relationship and the consistency of the relationship between the help and the help, the relationship of the sublist in the psychotherapy is also basically consistent in the different stages of the treatment process, so in general, at various stages of the treatment process, the combination of therapists and visitors is higher. But in psychotherapy conversational communication, There is a phenomenon of conflict between children. Visitors usually avoid the problems posed by the therapist by means of silence, question, or transfer of topics, showing that they are reluctant to cooperate or have a low degree of cooperation. The purpose is to defend themselves, defend their thoughts and behavior, save their face and so on. The resistance in psychotherapy. Second, in psychotherapy conversational communication, cooperation and intervention are a pair of unity in the relationship of treatment. Cooperation is the purpose, intervention is the means, the intervention of the therapist is aimed at promoting cooperation. The degree of cooperation between therapists and visitors determines the quality of treatment, thus affecting the treatment process and effect. The relationship of treatment is the discourse power relationship. Third, the two sides build an unequal discourse power relationship in psychotherapy conversational communication. This unequal power relationship is a dynamic internal power, social power and historical power and communicative interaction, which is inherent in the therapist and the visitor. It is caused by the asymmetry of power, the right of cooperation and the right of control, but this asymmetrical discourse power relationship is not static but dynamic but dynamic, and this asymmetry will cause damage to the treatment relationship, thus affecting the process and effect of treatment. Fourth, the pragmatic study of psychotherapy discourse should be placed in a package. This is the overall framework of the psychotherapy discourse proposed in this study. The contribution of this study is mainly to the theory of the theory of psychotherapy in this study. And practice two aspects. Theoretical aspects: first, the empirical analysis of the real corpus of psychotherapy talks in the linguistic perspective is the first in China, which enriches the study of psychotherapy discourse at home and abroad, especially the interaction between the two sides of the treatment and the study of the speech behavior of the visitors. Second, the purpose of the discourse is to verify the principle of the purpose of the discourse. In the course of psychotherapy, in the course of psychotherapy, the two sides (especially the therapist) always use specific discourse strategies and discourse means to achieve the general purpose of psychotherapy and to treat the subobjectives of each stage. Third, the theory of the essence of the power of discourse is verified, and the treatment of psychotherapy conversational communication is revealed. The unequal discourse power relationship of the two sides. The contribution of practice: first, it helps the two sides to understand their role, position and power in the conversation, and help the therapist to carefully examine the status of the treatment relationship, so as to aim at different therapeutic objects and to consciously establish with the visitors at different stages of the treatment process. Good treatment relationship. Second, it helps therapists to effectively use different types of interrogation, the rational use of the number of questions, the correct choice of the pattern and type of the corresponding structure, the response to the visitors, the appropriate use of the explanation and the clever use of the presupposition to change their own discourse practice, thus creating an easy to make The environment of the visitor's cooperation and the establishment of a good treatment relationship with the visitor in order to improve the asymmetry of the discourse power relationship. Third, it helps the visitors to improve their discourse practice, namely, to actively participate in the communicative interaction by initiating more questions and corresponding structures, giving more responses and participating in the cooperative explanation of the therapist. In a word, through the empirical study of the pragmatic features of psychotherapy discourse, this study reveals the cooperative and unequal discourse power relationship between the two sides of psychotherapy, which will promote the cooperation between the treatment and treatment parties and eliminate the asymmetry of power. Establishing equal, interactive and cooperative therapeutic relationship is of great significance.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：H136

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本文編號：1860785