本文關(guān)鍵詞： LUCC 生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量 瑪納斯河流域　出處：《石河子大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：土地利用/覆被變化是引起全球及區(qū)域生態(tài)環(huán)境變化的核心動(dòng)力。伴隨大規(guī)模工業(yè)化、城市化的快速推進(jìn),干旱區(qū)人工用地規(guī)模、強(qiáng)度不斷擴(kuò)大,自然地類受到不同程度的干擾或替代,干旱區(qū)土地利用類型及結(jié)構(gòu)都發(fā)生了較大變化,使綠洲化進(jìn)程不斷加快的同時(shí),荒漠化危害也在不斷蔓延,沙漠化、鹽漬化擴(kuò)大難以遏制,綠洲土地利用變化在發(fā)展邊疆社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)、改善各民族民生福祉的同時(shí),也給當(dāng)?shù)氐纳鷳B(tài)環(huán)境帶來(lái)了巨大壓力。如何科學(xué)合理地開發(fā)利用土地資源,推進(jìn)土地利用與生態(tài)環(huán)境協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展,是干旱區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化和新型城鎮(zhèn)化建設(shè)必須解決的重大問題。以新疆瑪納斯河流域(瑪河流域,下同)為研究對(duì)象,根據(jù)能量生態(tài)學(xué)及景觀生態(tài)學(xué)原理,用遙感識(shí)別及GIS空間分析方法,先定量分析土地利用變化特征;然后借助RSEI(遙感生態(tài)環(huán)境指數(shù)),實(shí)證研究流域生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量變化趨勢(shì);最后通過建立土地利用變化與生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量變化關(guān)系及模擬模式,系統(tǒng)分析了土地利用變化引起的生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量時(shí)空分異過程及格局,探究了23年瑪河流域土地利用變化下的生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量變化。結(jié)果顯示:1、本文從土地利用類型數(shù)量變化、結(jié)構(gòu)變化及轉(zhuǎn)移方向這三個(gè)角度來(lái)分析瑪河流域1993-2016年的土地利用變化特征。(1)1993-2016年瑪河流域土地利用數(shù)量變化整體上呈現(xiàn)“三增四減”的現(xiàn)狀,流域自然用地面積逐期減少,人工用地面積不斷增加,流域內(nèi)部人工痕跡明顯。(2)從轉(zhuǎn)移矩陣上看,土地利用類型轉(zhuǎn)移頻繁,形式多樣,耕地和建設(shè)用地以轉(zhuǎn)入為主,未利用地、荒漠、林地、水域以轉(zhuǎn)出為主,這表明受人類活動(dòng)影響,流域內(nèi)土地利用結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生較大變化。(3)受干旱區(qū)MODS系統(tǒng)的影響,山地、洪積扇、洪積平原和荒漠區(qū)土地利用類型差異明顯。2、基于RSEI的生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量特征,將生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量指數(shù)分成差、較差、一般、良和優(yōu)5級(jí)。通過轉(zhuǎn)移矩陣分析總體上呈現(xiàn)“四減一增”,差、較差、一般、良等級(jí)面積減少,優(yōu)等級(jí)面積劇增,流域生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量得到了明顯改善。優(yōu)等級(jí)主要分布在綠洲耕地及山區(qū)林地,并向上游洪積扇及兩側(cè)階地?cái)U(kuò)展,說明了人類作用于土地覆被,致使生態(tài)環(huán)境發(fā)生明顯變化。對(duì)流域3期生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量圖進(jìn)行空間差值分析得知,瑪河流域生態(tài)質(zhì)量改善區(qū)明顯多于惡化區(qū),改善區(qū)集中分布在綠洲內(nèi)部耕地,大量未利用土地改造成耕地;惡化區(qū)集中分布在林地、建設(shè)用地和水域。3、土地利用類型、結(jié)構(gòu)的變化影響生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量發(fā)展變化。這種變化從生態(tài)環(huán)境角度可以劃分為兩種,一種是對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境有積極的影響,表現(xiàn)在荒漠、未利用地被耕地和建設(shè)用地所代替,生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量有所改善;另一種是對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境有負(fù)面的影響,主要變現(xiàn)為林地和水域面積持續(xù)減少,致使流域生態(tài)環(huán)境更加的脆弱。本文在前人對(duì)瑪河流域相關(guān)研究的基礎(chǔ)上,通過探討土地利用與生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量之間的內(nèi)在關(guān)系,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)土地利用類型及結(jié)構(gòu)變化對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生明顯影響,土地利用的分布格局也大體上決定了生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量的分布格局,該研究對(duì)促進(jìn)干旱區(qū)流域土地利用結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整、維護(hù)綠洲生態(tài)平衡有重要現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。
[Abstract]:Land use / cover change is the core force of global and regional environmental change. With the rapid development of city scale, the artificial land scale in arid region, the strength of expanding, naturally kind of interference or substitution in different degree, type and structure of land use in arid area has greatly changed, the to speed up the process of oasis and desertification in spreading, desertification, salinization expansion difficult to contain, the oasis land use changes in social and economic development of frontier, improve the people's livelihood and well-being of the nation at the same time, but also to the local ecological environment has brought tremendous pressure. How to scientific and rational development and utilization of land resources, promote the land use and ecological environment coordinated development, is the major problems to solve the construction of arid agriculture modernization and new towns. In Xinjiang Manasi River Basin (Mary River The domain, the same below) as the research object, according to the energy ecology and landscape ecology principle, analysis method for remote sensing identification and GIS space, the characteristics of land use change to quantitative analysis; and with the help of RSEI (remote sensing ecological environment, ecological environment quality index) An Empirical Study on the changing trend of river basin; finally through the establishment of simulation model and the relationship between the change and ecological environment the quality of the land use change, systematic analysis of the land use change process and pattern of ecological environmental quality caused by the time, explored 23 years in Manas River watershed land use change the ecological environment quality changes. The results showed that: 1, the number of types of land use change, land use change three aspects of the structural changes transfer and direction analysis of Manas River Valley for 1993-2016 years. (1) 1993-2016 years in Manas River watershed land use status changes in the number of overall presented three additional four reduction in the flow, The domain of natural land area gradually reduced, the artificial land area increased within the basin (2). Artifacts from the transfer matrix, land use change frequently, in various forms, cultivated land and construction land in turn, unused land, desert, woodland, water area to roll out this. That affected by human activities, the land use structure. Great changes have taken place in (3) affected by the MODS system in arid area of the mountain, alluvial fan, alluvial plain and desert area of land use type difference.2, RSEI ecological environment quality characteristics based on the ecological environment quality index is divided into poor, poor, general. Good and excellent in 5. Through the analysis of transfer matrix showed a "four minus one increase, poor, poor, common, good grade area reduced, grade area leap, the ecological environment quality has been significantly improved. The optimal level is mainly distributed in the mountain and oasis farmland Area of woodland, and extended to the upstream alluvial fan and both sides of terrace, illustrates the human impact on the land cover, the ecological environment has undergone significant changes. The spatial difference analysis of 3 watershed ecological environment quality, ecological quality in Manas River Watershed improvement area was more than the deterioration area, improve the distribution of cultivated land in oasis area, a large number of unused land into arable land; deterioration areas concentrated in the forest, land and water.3 construction, land use types, structural changes affect the development of ecological environment quality changes. This change from the point of view of ecological environment can be divided into two kinds, one is a positive impact on the ecological environment in the desert, not by using construction land and cultivated land instead, ecological environment quality has improved; the other is a negative impact on the ecological environment, the main cash for forest land and water area continued to decrease, resulting in flow The ecological environment more fragile. Based on the predecessors of the Manas River basin research, through to explore the internal relations between land use and ecological environment quality. The study found that the changes of land use types and structure have a significant impact on the ecological environment, the distribution pattern of land use is also largely determines the distribution pattern of ecological environment the quality of the research to promote the adjustment of land utilization structure in the basin, maintenance has important practical significance to the ecological balance of the oasis.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：石河子大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：X826

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