【摘要】：世界上存在著5000多種語言，也就是說有大約5000種不同的語言系統(tǒng)。需要思考的是對于兩個沒有血緣關(guān)系、沒有歷史糾葛的語言X和Y之間是否會存在共同點。事實上，各個語言雖然在表面上看來不同，但是實際上人類各語言之間存在著共性，這就是語言類型學的理論基礎(chǔ)。 發(fā)現(xiàn)語言現(xiàn)象變異的規(guī)律，指出這種變異的限制，這正是研究語言類型、語言共性的學者所關(guān)心的問題。語言類型學被看作為一個歷時的研究工具，它不僅研究現(xiàn)存的語言，也研究古代語言。毫無疑問，語言類型學也進行共時研究。這一切都使得它可以分析、解釋語言的演變、共性和變異的限制。另外，類型學是針對“人類所有語言”的。它更靠近普通語言學，它的目標是通過各種語言來研究語言運轉(zhuǎn)的規(guī)律。通過語言類型學，我們可以把漢語和法語放在一個更為一般、更為廣泛的研究框架中審視。 本文的主題，一方面是研究漢語和法語之間的共同點，另一個方面是研究兩者的變異，特別是要在表面上的變異中找出變異的規(guī)律和限制。我們首先觀察兩種語言的語言現(xiàn)象，然后建立兩種語言的共性和不同，然后再嘗試進行功能上的解釋。當然，這一切都是在語言類型學的視角之下。本文的目的是比較漢語和法語的語言系統(tǒng)，為語言教學、語言之間的翻譯等工作提供一些理論基礎(chǔ)。 雖然，語言類型學研究的主要是不同語言之間的共性和變異，但是研究的角度卻有很多。Robin曾經(jīng)將其總結(jié)為：語音類型和音位類型、語法類型、語義類型。實際上還應該有語篇類型等。但是，本文沒能把所有的內(nèi)容都包含進去，只選擇其中的一個領(lǐng)域?qū)h語和法語進行類型學視角下的對比研究。語法類型是類型學研究的核心部分，包含了很多研究內(nèi)容。本論文的研究就主要在語法類型的范圍內(nèi)展開。 第一章簡要描述語言類型學的發(fā)展歷史，介紹語言類型學研究中的一個最重要的研究方法：建立蘊含關(guān)系。 第二章通過漢語和法語的語法現(xiàn)象分析兩個最基本的理據(jù)：象似性和經(jīng)濟性。 第三章在不同的層次上研究詞綴和形態(tài)屈折。另外，，還要回顧傳統(tǒng)類型學的形態(tài)分類，在此基礎(chǔ)上，測量融合度和綜合度。 第四章通過三個最主要的句法成分—主語、動詞、賓語，研究了小句的語序。討論漢語和法語的基本語序，同時也對話題句結(jié)構(gòu)做出分析。 第五章研究漢語和法語短語層面的語序。主要為三種短語的語序：名詞短語、介詞短語、動詞短語。名詞短語包括一個名詞核心和各類修飾語（指別詞、形容詞等）。動詞短語包括一個動詞核心和各種狀語（副詞等）。介詞短語包括介詞核心和名詞。本文主要分析這三種短語在漢語和法語中的共性，這正是語言類型學所關(guān)注的。 事實上，對漢語和法語進行對比是較為困難的，一直以來都沒有什么太好的理論方法，而語言類型學視角為我們解決這個困難提供了一個方法。當然，我們不會天真地認為所有的困難都能得到解決，但是我們至少有了一個較為適合的理論框架來對比漢語和法語，這些困難的解決也至少有了一些可能的途徑或方法。
[Abstract]:There are more than 5,000 languages in the world, that is, about 5,000 different language systems. What needs to be considered is whether there will be something in common between two unrelated, unrelated languages, X and Y. In fact, each language, though seemingly different, actually has a common denominator among human languages. This is the theoretical basis of linguistic typology.
Discovering the law of variation in language phenomena and pointing out the limitations of this variation are the concerns of scholars who study language types and linguistic commonalities. Linguistic typology is regarded as a diachronic research tool. It not only studies existing languages, but also ancient languages. There is no doubt that linguistic typology also studies them synchronously. It is closer to general linguistics. Its goal is to study the laws of language operation through various languages. Through linguistic typology, we can put Chinese and French in a more general and more general way. For a broad framework of research.
The theme of this paper is to study the similarities and differences between Chinese and French on the one hand, and the variation between them on the other, especially to find out the rules and limitations of variation in the superficial variation. The purpose of this paper is to compare the language systems of Chinese and French so as to provide some theoretical basis for language teaching and translation between languages.
Although linguistic typology mainly studies the similarities and variations between different languages, there are many perspectives. Robin once summed them up as phonological and phonological types, grammatical types, semantic types. In fact, there should be textual types and so on. However, this paper fails to include all the contents and only selects them. Grammatical typology is the core of typology and contains a lot of research content. The research of this paper is mainly carried out within the scope of grammatical typology.
Chapter One briefly describes the history of linguistic typology and introduces one of the most important research methods in linguistic typology: the establishment of implicative relations.
The second chapter analyzes the two basic motivations: iconicity and economy through the grammatical phenomena of Chinese and French.
Chapter 3 studies affixes and morphological inflections at different levels. In addition, the morphological classification of traditional typology should be reviewed, and on this basis, the degree of fusion and comprehensiveness should be measured.
Chapter Four studies the word order of clauses through three main syntactic components - subject, verb and object. It discusses the basic word order of Chinese and French, and analyzes the structure of the topic sentences.
The fifth chapter studies the word order at the phrase level in Chinese and French. It mainly consists of three phrases: NOUN phrase, prepositional phrase and verb phrase. A noun phrase consists of a noun core and various modifiers (participles, adjectives, etc.). A verb phrase consists of a verb core and various adverbials (adverbs, etc.). Nouns. This paper mainly analyzes the commonalities of these three phrases in Chinese and French, which is the focus of linguistic typology.
As a matter of fact, it is difficult to compare Chinese with French, and there has been no good theoretical method, and the linguistic typological perspective provides us with a way to solve this problem. Of course, we do not naively think that all the difficulties can be solved, but we have at least a more appropriate reason. There are at least some possible ways or means to solve these difficulties by comparing Chinese with French.
【學位授予單位】：上海外國語大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：H13;H32

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 巴音才才;;探究語言類型學與漢語[J];課外語文;2014年10期

本文編號：2212609