本文選題：管氏腫腿蜂 + 護(hù)幼行為��； 參考：《貴州師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：管氏腫腿蜂Scleroderma guani Xiao et Wu隸屬于膜翅目Hymenoptera、腫腿蜂科Bethylidae、硬皮腫腿蜂屬Scleroderma Latreille,是許多鞘翅目和鱗翅目昆蟲(chóng)的體外寄生蜂。該蜂繁殖速度快、繁殖率高、寄生能力強(qiáng)、寄主范圍廣,廣泛用于天牛等林木蛀干害蟲(chóng)的生物防治中。目前,關(guān)于管氏腫腿蜂的生物學(xué)習(xí)性、人工繁育和野外釋放技術(shù)等方面取得了一定進(jìn)展,其行為學(xué)研究主要集中在寄主搜索、選擇和利用等方面。但是,關(guān)于管氏腫腿蜂雌成蜂護(hù)幼行為的研究報(bào)道尚少。因此,本文以“管氏腫腿蜂-松墨天�！睘檠芯繉�(duì)象,研究管氏腫腿蜂雌成蜂護(hù)幼行為的具體表現(xiàn)及特征,以及該行為對(duì)其子代發(fā)育和存活等適合度的影響;同時(shí),初探了影響雌成蜂護(hù)幼行為的化學(xué)主導(dǎo)因素,擬揭示管氏腫腿蜂護(hù)幼行為的生物學(xué)意義及其化學(xué)通訊機(jī)制,以豐富腫腿蜂科昆蟲(chóng)的行為生態(tài)學(xué)研究,并為管氏腫腿蜂規(guī)�；敝臣夹g(shù)改進(jìn)提供重要理論依據(jù)。1、管氏腫腿蜂雌成蜂護(hù)幼行為的系統(tǒng)觀察為明確雌成蜂護(hù)幼行為的過(guò)程及特征,本實(shí)驗(yàn)采取室內(nèi)飼養(yǎng)和攝像機(jī)連續(xù)錄像等方法,觀察了雌成蜂護(hù)幼行為的具體表現(xiàn),并對(duì)比分析雌成蜂在其子代不同發(fā)育階段中,典型護(hù)幼行為在時(shí)間和空間上的動(dòng)態(tài)變化。觀察發(fā)現(xiàn):(1)雌成蜂護(hù)幼行為主要表現(xiàn)為:子代體表游走與觸探、搬運(yùn)子代幼蟲(chóng)、協(xié)助子代羽化、與子代雄蜂交配等一系列典型行為;(2)雌成蜂在子代蜂體表游走與觸探主要發(fā)生在幼蟲(chóng)期和繭蛹期。而在卵期,雌成蜂于子代體表上的護(hù)幼時(shí)間較短(1.448±0.984 min),大部分時(shí)間是在寄主體表游走與觸探(409.245±19.478 min);當(dāng)子代蜂發(fā)育至幼蟲(chóng)期后,雌成蜂在子代蜂體表游走與觸探的時(shí)間增加,到老熟幼蟲(chóng)期和吐絲幼蟲(chóng)期時(shí)均長(zhǎng)達(dá)470 min以上,遠(yuǎn)高于在寄主和其它區(qū)域的活動(dòng)時(shí)間(約100min);(3)搬運(yùn)行為是雌成蜂護(hù)幼行為的重要行為過(guò)程,主要發(fā)生在老熟幼蟲(chóng)期、吐絲幼蟲(chóng)期和繭蛹期,但以老熟幼蟲(chóng)期最為集中,發(fā)生頻次約達(dá)16.833±1.761次/600min,占總時(shí)間的17.027%,而在吐絲幼蟲(chóng)期和繭蛹期的搬運(yùn)時(shí)間還不到總時(shí)間的0.1%;(4)子代羽化時(shí),有的母代蜂會(huì)咬破繭殼協(xié)助子代蜂羽化,發(fā)生頻次為3.625±0.925次/600min,歷時(shí)約12.952±4.050min;有的母代蜂還會(huì)與子代雄蜂交配,但交配頻次較少(0.333±0.167次/600min)。2、管氏腫腿蜂雌成蜂護(hù)幼行為對(duì)其子代發(fā)育的影響以子代蜂發(fā)育全程均有母代蜂護(hù)幼作為對(duì)照,比較分析不同發(fā)育時(shí)期缺失母代蜂護(hù)幼后,子代適合度的變化,結(jié)果顯示:卵期缺失母代蜂護(hù)幼時(shí),低齡幼蟲(chóng)的平均發(fā)育歷期明顯延長(zhǎng),是對(duì)照的1.6倍;子代不同發(fā)育時(shí)期缺失母代蜂護(hù)幼后,老熟幼蟲(chóng)平均發(fā)育歷期均會(huì)延長(zhǎng),比對(duì)照延長(zhǎng)約0.885 d。此外,在卵期和幼蟲(chóng)期缺失母代蜂護(hù)幼不利于子代存活,如卵期缺失母代蜂護(hù)幼將使其發(fā)育至老熟幼蟲(chóng)和吐絲幼蟲(chóng)的存活率降低,分別為22.080±5.862%和17.430±4.550%,分別是對(duì)照的1/3和1/4。同時(shí),在卵期、低齡幼蟲(chóng)期、高齡幼蟲(chóng)期和老熟幼蟲(chóng)期缺失母代蜂護(hù)幼時(shí),其子代蜂感染球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana的比例均高于40%,尤其是低齡幼蟲(chóng)期缺失母代蜂后子代感染率高達(dá)65.680±3.503%,是全程均有母代蜂護(hù)幼的11倍。結(jié)果表明,管氏腫腿蜂母代蜂護(hù)幼行為有利于子代的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,提高子代存活率并降低子代感病率,對(duì)管氏腫腿蜂種群的繁衍具有重要意義。3、影響管氏腫腿蜂雌成蜂護(hù)幼行為的化學(xué)信息物質(zhì)通過(guò)GC-MS對(duì)母代蜂和不同發(fā)育時(shí)期子代蜂體表粗提液進(jìn)行定性和定量分析。結(jié)果顯示,從母代蜂與子代蜂體表粗提液中共鑒定出31種化合物,主要包括烴類(lèi)、萜烯類(lèi)、醇類(lèi)、酸類(lèi)和酯類(lèi)五類(lèi)物質(zhì)。其中,十六醇僅存在于卵表面和低齡幼蟲(chóng)體表,含量為0.182±0.002ng/頭和0.627±0.003ng/頭;順-十八碳烯酸存在于老熟幼蟲(chóng)、吐絲幼蟲(chóng)和繭蛹體表,含量分別為0.139±0.079ng/頭、0.354±0.093ng/頭、2.539±0.058ng/頭;棕櫚酸乙基酯僅存在于老熟幼蟲(chóng)體表,為2.640±0.020ng/頭;十六酸為繭蛹體表特有物質(zhì)(20.626±1.732ng/頭);子代雌成蜂體表的烷烴和烯烴的含量均高于其它蟲(chóng)態(tài)。而繭蛹體表的n-二十四醇-1和1-二十七醇含量均高于其它蟲(chóng)態(tài),分別為644.688±120.981ng/頭和3414.783±508.146ng/頭。利用選擇性試驗(yàn)測(cè)定母代蜂對(duì)不同發(fā)育時(shí)期子代蜂實(shí)體、子代蜂體表粗提液及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品化合物的行為反應(yīng)。結(jié)果顯示:雌成蜂對(duì)老熟幼蟲(chóng)和繭蛹粗提液的成功選擇率較高(23.000±4.812%和35.500±6.304%),且停留時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)(33.196±3.884min和45.169±9.567min)。此外,與對(duì)照相比,母代蜂會(huì)優(yōu)先選擇正二十三烷、正二十七烷、十六酸以及棕櫚酸乙基酯四種化學(xué)物質(zhì)。通過(guò)非選擇性試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了母代蜂搬運(yùn)行為的特點(diǎn)及其對(duì)子代移動(dòng)和存活的影響。結(jié)果顯示,無(wú)雌成蜂搬運(yùn)條件下,老熟幼蟲(chóng)雖能部分自行離開(kāi)寄主,但在寄主周?chē)呻x散狀態(tài)分布,且脫離寄主率較低,僅為37%左右;而有母代蜂搬運(yùn)條件下,老熟幼蟲(chóng)脫離寄主殘骸呈聚集式堆積,其脫離寄主率高達(dá)75%,且子代存活率達(dá)83%,是前者的2.115倍。根據(jù)老熟幼蟲(chóng)體表主要化學(xué)信息物質(zhì)的分析鑒定,選取10種主要物質(zhì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品制作模擬老熟幼蟲(chóng),以驗(yàn)證這些物質(zhì)是否能引起母代蜂3、影響管氏腫腿蜂雌成蜂護(hù)幼行為的化學(xué)信息物質(zhì)的搬運(yùn)行為。結(jié)果顯示,棕櫚酸乙基酯、順9-二十三烯和1-二十七醇均會(huì)使母代蜂表現(xiàn)出搬運(yùn)行為。
[Abstract]:Scleroderma Guani Xiao et Wu, which belongs to the Hymenoptera Hymenoptera, Bethylidae of the family swollen Hornet, and Scleroderma Latreille of the genus scleroderma, is a parasite of many Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. The bee has fast propagation speed, high breeding rate, strong parasitism and wide host range. It is widely used in the stem borers of the trees and other trees. In biological control. At present, some progress has been made about the biological learning, artificial breeding and field release techniques of swollen swollen wasps. Their behavioral studies are mainly focused on host search, selection and utilization. However, there are few reports on the behavior of female adult swollen wasps. Therefore, this article is "Guan's". To study the specific performance and characteristics of the female adult female adult swollen wasp, as well as the influence of the behavior on the development and survival of its offspring, the chemical leading factors affecting the young behavior of the female adult wasps were explored, and the biological significance of the behavior of the young swollen swell wasp and the biological significance of the behavior were explored. The chemical communication mechanism, which enriches the behavioral ecology of the swell beekolidides, provides an important theoretical basis for the improvement of the scale propagation technology of the swollen swell wasps,.1. The systematic observation of the behavior of the female adults of the swollen swollen wasps is the process and characteristics of the behavior of female adult bees. The specific performance of female adult bee nursing behavior was observed, and the dynamic changes in the time and space of the typical young women were compared and analyzed in the different developmental stages of the female adult bee. The observation showed that: (1) the behavior of female adult wasps was mainly manifested in the subgeneration body surface wandering and penetration, carrying the progeny larvae, assisting the generation of the offspring, and the offspring. A series of typical behaviors such as male bee mating, (2) the female adult bee's body surface travel and penetration are mainly in the larval stage and cocoon pupae period. At the egg stage, the female adult bee is short (1.448 + 0.984 min) on the subsurface of the offspring, most of the time is on the main body surface (409.245 + 19.478 min), and the offspring are developed to the larval stage. After that, the time for the female adult bee to travel and probe on the body surface of the progeny increased to more than 470 min to the old mature larval stage and the silk larva stage, which is far higher than that in the host and other regions (about 100min). (3) the handling behavior is an important behavior process for the female adult bees to protect the young, mainly in the old mature larva stage, the silk larva stage and cocoon. Pupal stage, but with the most concentrated stage of the old mature larva period, the occurrence frequency is 16.833 + 1.761 times /600min, accounting for 17.027% of the total time, while in the larval stage and cocoon pupa period, the handling time is less than 0.1% of the total time. (4) when the progeny of the offspring, some parent bees bite the cocoon shell to assist the generation of the offspring, and the frequency is 3.625 + 0.925 times /600min, about 1 times. 2.952 + 4.050min; some parent wasps could mate with the offspring of the progeny, but the mating frequency was less (0.333 + 0.167 times /600min).2. The results showed that the average development period of the low age larvae prolonged obviously, 1.6 times as much as the control, and the average development period of the old mature larvae would be prolonged and 0.885 D. longer than that of the control. The survival rate of the mother generation, such as the absence of oocyte period, reduced the survival rate of the old mature larvae and silk larvae, which were 22.080 + 5.862% and 17.430 + 4.550% respectively, respectively, 1/3 and 1/4. of the control, at the same time, at the egg stage, the low age larva stage, the old larva stage and the old mature larva stage, and the offspring were infected with the Bacillus bassiana Be. The ratio of auveria bassiana was higher than 40%, especially the infection rate of the mother generation after the loss of the mother generation was up to 65.680 + 3.503%, which was 11 times as high as that of the mother generation. The results showed that the nursing behavior of the parent wasp was beneficial to the growth and development of the progeny, the survival rate of the offspring and the decrease of the incidence of the progeny of the progeny. The breeding of the population has an important significance.3, which affects the chemical material of the female adult of the swollen swollen wasp, and the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the crude extracts of the body surface of the female bee and the different developmental stages of the offspring. The results show that 31 compounds were identified from the body surface of the parent bee and the offspring, mainly including hydrocarbons and terpenes. Five kinds of substances such as alkenes, alcohols, acids and esters. Among them, sixteen alcohol only exists on the surface of the egg and the body surface of the low age larvae, the content is 0.182 + 0.002ng/ head and 0.627 + 0.003ng/ head. The CIS eighteen artic acid exists in the old mature larvae, the silk larva and the cocoon pupa body surface, the content is 0.139 0.079ng/ head respectively, 0.354 + 0.093ng/ head and 2.539 + 0.058ng/ head; palm The acid ethyl ester existed only in the body surface of the old mature larvae, 2.640 + 0.020ng/ head and sixteen acid as the specific substance of the cocoon pupae (20.626 + 1.732ng/ head), and the content of alkane and olefin in the female adult female adult bee was higher than that of other insect states. The content of n- twenty-four alcohol -1 and 1- twenty-seven alcohol in the cocoon pupae body surface were all higher than those of other insect States, which were 644.688 + 120.981ng respectively. The results showed that the successful selection rate of female adult bee on the crude extract of old mature larvae and cocoon pupae was higher (23 + 4.812% and 35.500 + 6.304%), and the retention time was longer. The results showed that the female adult bee had a higher successful selection rate (23 + 4.812% and 35.500 + 6.304%) for the old mature larvae and cocoon pupae. (33.196 + 3.884min and 45.169 + 9.567min). In addition, compared with the control, the parent bee preferred to select twenty-three alkane, twenty-seven alkane, sixteen acid and four palmitic acid ethyl ester. By non selective test, the characteristics of the parent wasp handling behavior and its effect on the migration and survival of the progeny were verified. Under the handling condition, the old mature larva can leave the host partly, but it is distributed around the host in a discrete state, and the disengagement rate is only about 37%. Under the condition of mother generation, the old mature larva is aggregated from the host debris, and its detachment rate is up to 75%, and the survival rate of the progeny is 83%, which is 2.115 times the former. According to the analysis and identification of the main chemical information material of the old mature larvae, the standard samples of 10 main substances were selected to make simulated old mature larvae, to verify whether these substances could cause the female 3, and affect the handling behavior of the chemical information material of the female adult swollen swollen bee female adult bee. The results showed that palmitic acid ethyl ester and CIS 9- twenty-three alkene. Both 1- and twenty-seven alcohol can make the parent bee behave as a carrier.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：貴州師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S763.306.4

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