本文選題：施肥機(jī) + 螺旋式排肥器��； 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：施化肥是增加土壤養(yǎng)分,改善作物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育條件的重要措施,在我國(guó)西南山地丘陵地區(qū),由于地理環(huán)境因素,大中型施肥機(jī)械難以使用。常用的小型施肥機(jī)排肥器有外槽輪式、水平螺旋式等;肥料的物理特性對(duì)此類(lèi)排肥器的排肥性能影響較大,施肥作業(yè)時(shí)容易出現(xiàn)肥料架空、堵塞等引起的“斷條”即漏施現(xiàn)象。于是,長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)農(nóng)作物的施肥仍然以人工施肥為主,存在勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大、施肥量隨意性大、均勻性差等問(wèn)題。因此,有必要研制一種施肥均勻性好,適用于山地丘陵地區(qū)使用的定量施肥機(jī)。為了提高施肥的利用率,降低生產(chǎn)成本,促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展,結(jié)合我國(guó)西南丘陵地區(qū)施肥作業(yè)現(xiàn)狀,論文對(duì)定量施肥機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了設(shè)計(jì)與研究。采用豎直螺旋式排肥器作為定量施肥機(jī)的排肥機(jī)構(gòu),利用霍爾式傳感器進(jìn)行施肥機(jī)的行走速度檢測(cè),將霍爾傳感器的脈沖信號(hào)經(jīng)過(guò)濾波整形后得到規(guī)則的矩形波信號(hào),設(shè)計(jì)完成以單片機(jī)為主控芯片的控制系統(tǒng),利用脈沖寬度調(diào)制(Pulse Width Modulation,PWM)調(diào)節(jié)排肥器驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)的端電壓,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)定量施肥機(jī)精確排肥。根據(jù)施肥機(jī)性能設(shè)計(jì)要求,結(jié)合理論分析,對(duì)豎直螺旋式排肥器進(jìn)行控制策略研究,通過(guò)對(duì)螺旋式排肥器的運(yùn)動(dòng)參數(shù)分析,建立控制系統(tǒng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型;經(jīng)過(guò)排肥試驗(yàn),初步擬合控制系統(tǒng)數(shù)學(xué)模型參數(shù),得出排肥器的排肥量與轉(zhuǎn)速之間的線(xiàn)性關(guān)系;采用直流減速電機(jī)作為排肥器的驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu),根據(jù)直流減速電機(jī)的外特性,對(duì)電機(jī)的輸出轉(zhuǎn)速采用閉環(huán)控制,通過(guò)實(shí)時(shí)采集排肥器的轉(zhuǎn)速信號(hào),對(duì)比反饋轉(zhuǎn)速信號(hào)與目標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)速,實(shí)時(shí)修正排肥器的轉(zhuǎn)速。在硬件電路設(shè)計(jì)方面,采用PIC18F13K22作為主控芯片,采用N溝道MOSFET管FDN359AN和P溝道MOSFET管FDN360P作為電機(jī)控制的功率開(kāi)關(guān)管。在Protel軟件中完成控制系統(tǒng)的硬件電路繪制,在MPLAB集成開(kāi)發(fā)環(huán)境中完成驅(qū)動(dòng)程序的編寫(xiě)與調(diào)試。同時(shí),為保證整個(gè)系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的可靠性,在硬件電路和軟件程序上都進(jìn)行了抗干擾設(shè)計(jì)。對(duì)定量施肥機(jī)進(jìn)行了室外施肥均勻性試驗(yàn)和田間施肥試驗(yàn)。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,所設(shè)計(jì)的定量施肥機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)要求。在正常作業(yè)速度為0.5-1.2m/s、施肥量為300-750kg/hm2(20-50kg/畝)的試驗(yàn)范圍內(nèi),均勻性試驗(yàn)的最大變異系數(shù)為7.06%,田間試驗(yàn)施肥量的最大偏差為6.76%。能夠滿(mǎn)足施肥機(jī)對(duì)均勻性和施肥量偏差的質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)技術(shù)規(guī)范(NY/T1003-2006)的要求。
[Abstract]:Fertilizer application is an important measure to increase soil nutrients and improve crop growth and development conditions. In the mountainous and hilly areas of southwest China, it is difficult to use large and medium-sized fertilization machinery due to geographical environment. The common small fertiliser has external groove wheel type, horizontal spiral type and so on, the physical characteristics of fertilizer have a great influence on the fertilizer discharge performance of this kind of fertiliser, the fertilizer overhead is easy to occur in the fertilization operation, and the "broken strip" phenomenon caused by blockage is the phenomenon of leakage. Therefore, for a long time, the fertilization of crops is still dominated by artificial fertilization, which has many problems, such as high labor intensity, large amount of random fertilization, poor uniformity and so on. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a kind of quantitative fertilization machine which has good uniformity and is suitable for use in mountainous and hilly areas. In order to improve the utilization rate of fertilizer, reduce the production cost and promote the sustainable development of agriculture, combined with the present situation of fertilization in the southwest hilly area of China, the paper designs and studies the control system of quantitative fertilization machine. The vertical spiral fertiliser is used as the fertiliser's fertiliser, and the Hall sensor is used to detect the walking speed of the fertiliser. After filtering and shaping the pulse signal of Hall sensor, the regular rectangular wave signal is obtained. The control system with single chip microcomputer as the main control chip is designed and completed. Pulse Width Modulation Modulation (PWM) is used to adjust the terminal voltage of the motor driven by the fertiliser, so as to realize the accurate fertiliser discharge. According to the performance design requirements of fertilization machine, combined with theoretical analysis, the control strategy of vertical spiral fertiliser was studied. The mathematical model of the control system was established by analyzing the motion parameters of the helical fertiliser. The mathematical model parameters of the control system are preliminarily fitted to obtain the linear relationship between the fertiliser discharge quantity and the rotational speed, the DC deceleration motor is used as the driving mechanism of the fertiliser, and according to the external characteristics of the DC deceleration motor, Closed-loop control is used to control the output speed of the motor. The speed signals of the fertiliser are collected in real time, the feedback speed signal and the target speed are compared, and the speed of the fertiliser is corrected in real time. In the aspect of hardware circuit design, PIC18F13K22 is used as main control chip, N channel MOSFET tube FDN359AN and P channel MOSFET tube FDN360P are used as motor controlled power switch. The hardware circuit of the control system is drawn in the Protel software, and the driver is written and debugged in the MPLAB integrated development environment. At the same time, in order to ensure the reliability of the whole system, the anti-interference design is carried out in the hardware circuit and software program. The field fertilization experiments and outdoor fertilization homogeneity tests were carried out on the quantitative fertilization machine. The experimental results show that the control system of the quantitative fertilization machine meets the design requirements. In the range of normal operation speed of 0.5-1.2 m / s and fertilizer amount of 300-750kg/hm2(20-50kg/ mu, the maximum coefficient of variation of uniformity test was 7.06, and the maximum deviation of fertilization amount in field experiment was 6.76%. It can meet the requirement of NYR / T1003-2006.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S224.2

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