本文選題：三峽庫區(qū) + 土壤侵蝕�。� 參考：《重慶師范大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：三峽大壩作為世界大型水利工程之一,它的建設形成了三峽庫區(qū)這一特殊區(qū)域。本區(qū)地處長江上游末端,不僅關系到三峽工程的安全,更是關系到長江流域生態(tài)安全的重要生態(tài)屏障區(qū)。三峽大壩的建設以及隨之而來的城鎮(zhèn)遷建、移民安置必定會對本區(qū)的地表形態(tài)造成擾動,進而對區(qū)域土地利用及氣候環(huán)境造成影響從而影響到水土流失過程。土壤侵蝕及其導致的一系列環(huán)境問題是世界性主要環(huán)境問題之一也是該區(qū)所面臨的最為嚴重的環(huán)境問題。土壤侵蝕導致大量的泥沙直接入庫,淤積將大大縮減水庫有效庫容、縮短三峽電站壽命的同時引發(fā)和加劇長江流域洪災。本文基于3S技術,采用通用土壤流失方程RUSLE對三峽庫區(qū)1990-2010年間5個年份土壤侵蝕進行計算,并對研究區(qū)1990-2010年的土壤侵蝕強度時空變化、不同土地利用背景下的土壤侵蝕強度時空變化及分布規(guī)律進行定量分析,為三峽庫區(qū)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供支持。最后基于三峽庫區(qū)1990年侵蝕降雨特征,利用BP神經網絡對2010年75個站點降雨侵蝕力進行模擬、驗證,在此基礎上,預測2030年75個站點降雨侵蝕力。選取2030年預測結果中位于庫區(qū)周圍的28個站點降雨侵蝕力進行Kriging插值,結合2030年庫區(qū)自然增長、生態(tài)保護情景下土地利用模擬數據,基于修正土壤通用流失方程(RUSLE)計算2030年庫區(qū)土壤侵蝕強度。結果表明:(1)1990-2010年三峽庫區(qū)平均土壤侵蝕模數與土壤侵蝕量總體上呈現減少的趨勢,多年平均土壤侵蝕量為18356.45萬t,屬于中度侵蝕;從空間上看,土壤侵蝕整體空間分布結構具有不平衡特征,主要表現為由東向西逐漸減小的趨勢,研究區(qū)微度、輕度侵蝕等級分布面積最廣。(2)1990-2010年間水田、草地面積有所下降,水域、建設用地呈現不斷增長的趨勢。庫區(qū)建設用地的土地利用變化動態(tài)度增速最快,其次是水域。水田與旱地的相互轉換、水田旱地的轉出與轉入、林草地的互換、林地與草地的水體淹沒是1990-2010這20年間庫區(qū)土地利用轉換的主要方式。(3)6種不同土地利用在同一年分內土壤侵蝕強度指數:旱地草地林地水田建設用地;各土地利用類型微度侵蝕的面積逐漸增加,中度侵蝕及其以上的侵蝕等級的侵蝕面積都不同程度的向低等級轉移;土地利用類型之間的轉化對土壤侵蝕產生的深刻的影響,特別是造成土壤侵蝕的跨級突變,林草地的開墾、水田的旱種會造成土壤侵蝕強度的升高,耕地的退耕還林壞草,草地轉換成林地導致土壤侵蝕強度的降低。(4)2010年庫區(qū)降雨侵蝕力的平均模擬相對誤差為15%,測試樣本數據相對誤差為14.67%,預測相對誤差為19.65%,NE系數為0.85,說明BP神經網絡對庫區(qū)降雨侵蝕力具有良好模擬效果;2010年庫區(qū)土壤侵蝕強度的Kappa指數為0.75,總體計算結果能滿足模擬與預測需求。(5)在土地利用不變情況下,2030年庫區(qū)輕度、中度侵蝕面積均有所增加,微度侵蝕面積及強度以上侵蝕面積均呈減少趨勢,且侵蝕強度轉變中的58%來源于相鄰侵蝕強度,跨侵蝕等級區(qū)的較少;在降雨侵蝕力不變情況下,自然增長、生態(tài)保護情境下未來土地利用變化所導致的土壤侵蝕均呈下降趨勢,后者土壤侵蝕下降的趨勢更為明顯;在降雨侵蝕力及土地利用均變化的情況下,自然增長、生態(tài)保護情景下土壤侵蝕均呈下降趨勢。
[Abstract]:The Three Gorges Dam as one of the world's large water conservancy project, its construction has formed a special area of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. This area is located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River at the end, not only related to the safety of the Three Gorges project, it is related to the important ecological barrier area of ecological safety of the Yangtze River. The Three Gorges dam construction and the urban relocation, resettlement must will cause disturbance to the area of the surface morphology, and the regional land use and climate impact which affects the process of soil erosion. Soil erosion and caused a series of environmental problems are global to the most serious environmental problems is facing environmental problems is one of the area. The soil erosion resulting in a large number of sediment directly storage, will greatly reduce the effective capacity of reservoir sedimentation, shorten the life of the Three Gorges power station at the same time triggered and exacerbated by floods in the Changjiang River Valley. This paper is based on 3S technology. Using the universal soil loss equation RUSLE in Three Gorges Reservoir Area during the past 1990-2010 years, 5 years of soil erosion was calculated, and the strength of the temporal and spatial variation of 1990-2010 years of soil erosion in the study area, different background soil changes and distribution of erosion intensity temporal and spatial quantitative analysis of land use, to provide support for the sustainable development of Three Gorges Reservoir area. Finally, based on the characteristics of rainfall erosion the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in 1990, verified the simulation, erosion force on 2010 at 75 sites rainfall by using BP neural network, based on the 2030 forecast of 75 sites rainfall erosivity. Kriging interpolation erosion force of 28 sites located in the area around the reservoir from 2030 rainfall prediction results, combined with the natural growth in 2030, ecological protection scenario land use simulation data, revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) based on the calculation of soil erosion intensity in 2030. The results showed that: (1 1990-2010 years in Three Gorges Reservoir Area) average soil erosion and soil erosion modulus showed a decreasing trend, the average soil erosion amount was 183 million 564 thousand and 500 t, which belongs to moderate erosion; from the space, the overall structure is unbalanced spatial distribution characteristics of soil erosion, the main form is gradually decreased from East to west, the study area of micro, mild erosion area were the most widely distributed. (2) 1990-2010 years of paddy field, grassland area decreased, water area, construction land is increasing. The construction land dynamic degree of land use change increased the fastest, followed by water. Conversion between paddy field and dry land, paddy upland and turn into swap, forest and grassland, woodland and grassland in the water flooding is the main way of land use conversion in the reservoir area during the past 20 years. 1990-2010 (3) of 6 different land use in the same year that part of soil erosion intensity The number of dry grassland woodland: paddy field of construction land; the land use types slightly erosion area increased, erosion area and erosion and moderate erosion above the level of the different levels of transferring to the low level; the land use change type between the effects on soil erosion in the deep, especially caused by cross level mutations in soil erosion, reclamation of grassland and forest, upland paddy field will cause soil erosion intensity increasing, farmland returning farmland to forest and grassland into bad grass, woodland reduce soil erosion intensity. (4) the average rainfall erosivity in 2010 relative error is 15%, the test sample data prediction relative error is 14.67%. The relative error is 19.65%, NE coefficient was 0.85, indicating that BP neural network has good effect on reservoir simulation of Rainfall Erosivity in reservoir area; soil erosion intensity index was 0.75 Kappa in 2010, the total volume calculation result To meet the needs of the simulation and prediction of land use. (5) in the same case, 2030 in mild, moderate erosion area has increased, the micro degree erosion area and erosion area decreased, and the erosion intensity in transition from 58% adjacent cross erosion intensity, erosion grade area is less; the natural growth in the the rainfall erosivity unchanged, ecological protection, under the situation of future land use changes of soil erosion caused by decreased, which decreased the soil erosion trend is more obvious; the rainfall erosivity and land use change under the condition of natural growth, ecological protection scenario of soil erosion decreased.

【學位授予單位】：重慶師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S157.1

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