本文選題：低緩坡茶園　切入點(diǎn)：根系　出處：《江蘇大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：干旱脅迫條件下茶樹生長受阻,導(dǎo)致茶葉產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)下降。茶園中常采用噴灌方式為茶樹提供所需水分,但其控制往往依賴于經(jīng)驗(yàn)(如土壤含水量設(shè)定值),易造成過量灌溉,且灌溉水在不同坡度茶園中再分布范圍不同。本論文以江蘇丘陵低緩坡茶園噴灌自動控制技術(shù)為研究目標(biāo),在“十二五”農(nóng)業(yè)部公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專項(xiàng)—茶園綜合作業(yè)機(jī)械化技術(shù)與裝備研究的資助下,設(shè)計(jì)和構(gòu)建坡度可調(diào)式栽培箱架和田間噴灌試驗(yàn)系統(tǒng);試驗(yàn)研究低緩坡上土壤水分運(yùn)移特性;建立不同坡度和噴灌強(qiáng)度下的土壤水分入滲深度模型,制定噴灌控制策略,并研制茶園噴灌控制系統(tǒng);最后通過田間試驗(yàn),進(jìn)行模型和控制節(jié)水性能的驗(yàn)證。主要研究內(nèi)容與結(jié)果如下:(1)茶樹根系分布及噴灌系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)以安吉白茶為供試對象,在3個不同地點(diǎn)進(jìn)行全株挖掘,測量茶樹根系的分布。結(jié)果表明,試驗(yàn)區(qū)域的茶樹根系最深可達(dá)40 cm,即所需的噴灌水分濕潤深度約為40 cm;超過50%的茶樹根系分布于10~20 cm處。通過測量確定了試驗(yàn)茶園坡度的范圍,據(jù)此設(shè)計(jì)了一種可升降茶樹栽培試驗(yàn)箱架,可實(shí)現(xiàn)0~15°的坡度調(diào)節(jié),以模擬真實(shí)茶園的坡度狀況。經(jīng)水利計(jì)算,設(shè)計(jì)構(gòu)建了箱架和茶園田間的噴灌試驗(yàn)系統(tǒng),其噴灌強(qiáng)度設(shè)定為6 mm/h。(2)低緩坡茶園土壤水分入滲深度模型研究以坡度和噴灌強(qiáng)度為因素,以濕潤深度為指標(biāo),在箱架中先后設(shè)置9個不同的試驗(yàn)處理,在有茶樹種植的條件下,研究了其土壤水分入滲過程中坡度、噴灌強(qiáng)度對濕潤鋒運(yùn)移速率的影響,以及水分再分布過程中對濕潤深度的影響,從而建立土壤水分入滲深度模型。此外,比較了有、無茶樹種植土壤中水分運(yùn)移的差異。并基于建立的土壤水分入滲深度模型修正了所需的入滲深度并進(jìn)行了試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。結(jié)果表明:在水分入滲過程中,濕潤鋒運(yùn)移速率與噴灌強(qiáng)度成正相關(guān)關(guān)系,與坡度成負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系;在水分再分布過程中,入滲深度和濕潤深度的比值與噴灌強(qiáng)度成正相關(guān),與坡度成負(fù)相關(guān),表明噴灌強(qiáng)度越小,坡度越大,越有利于水分的垂直運(yùn)動;在坡度研究范圍內(nèi),無茶樹種植時存在使?jié)駶欎h運(yùn)移速率隨坡度變化趨勢改變的臨界坡度值。有茶樹種植尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)臨界坡度值。在低坡度時,茶樹根系的存在減小再分布的濕潤深度。而大坡度時,茶樹根系的存在卻增加再分布的濕潤深度。此外,0~10 cm處水分散失量與大氣溫度、太陽輻射和風(fēng)速成正相關(guān)。經(jīng)驗(yàn)證,模型計(jì)算得到的入滲深度與實(shí)測值之間的平均誤差為1.71%,所需的濕潤深度與實(shí)測值之間的平均誤差為2.92%,水分入滲深度模型田間試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,理論入滲深度為21.52 cm,測得的入滲深度為22.69 cm,誤差為5.44%,理想的濕潤深度為40 cm,測得的濕潤深度平均值為38.91 cm,誤差為2.73%。該模型可以較好的應(yīng)用于所選定的試驗(yàn)茶園。(3)茶園噴灌控制系統(tǒng)開發(fā)及田間試驗(yàn)控制技術(shù)的思路為:(1)針對一定坡度的茶園和噴灌強(qiáng)度,當(dāng)某一深度的土壤水分小于設(shè)定值時,啟動噴灌;(2)基于以上水分入滲深度模型,經(jīng)控制器運(yùn)算得到所需的噴灌時間,即噴灌運(yùn)行的時間;(3)重復(fù)以上(1)和(2)過程�；谏鲜隹刂萍夹g(shù),采用PLC、土壤水分傳感器和觸摸屏,研制了茶園噴灌控制系統(tǒng),將茶園坡度、噴灌強(qiáng)度(依據(jù)噴頭特性參數(shù)確定)和茶樹根系最大深度為外部輸入?yún)?shù),來執(zhí)行噴灌作業(yè)。在田間試驗(yàn)中,試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明:在茶園噴灌控制系統(tǒng)下實(shí)測的入滲深度與計(jì)算值的誤差為2.60%,實(shí)測的濕潤深度與預(yù)期值的誤差為3.40%。因此在茶園噴灌控制系統(tǒng)下可以很好的達(dá)到預(yù)期的噴灌效果。在對比試驗(yàn)中可得基于茶園噴灌控制系統(tǒng)下的耗水量為7.252 m~3,與傳統(tǒng)噴灌控制技術(shù)的耗水量11.378m~3相比,節(jié)水率達(dá)到了36.26%。
[Abstract]:Under drought stress the growth of tea is blocked, resulting in decreased yield and quality of tea. Tea is often used to provide irrigation water needed by the tea, but its control often depends on the experience (such as soil moisture, easy to set value) caused by excessive irrigation, and irrigation water in different slope in the tea garden is different. This again this thesis takes Jiangsu low slope hilly tea garden irrigation automatic control technology as the research object, in 12th Five-Year the Ministry of agriculture public sector (Agriculture) of comprehensive operation of special scientific research - tea mechanization technology and equipment under the support of the design and construction of slope adjustable cultivation box frame and field irrigation experiment system; experimental study on low slope on soil water transport characteristics; the establishment of soil moisture in different slope and irrigation intensity under the infiltration depth of irrigation model, formulate control strategy, and the development of tea plantation sprinkler control system; the through field test Test model and verify the control water-saving performance. Main research contents and results are as follows: (1) the design of tea sprinkler system and root distribution in Anji white tea as study objects, were excavated in 3 different locations, measuring the distribution of tea plant. The results showed that tea root test area of the most up to 40 cm, which is required for irrigation wetting depth is about 40 cm; more than 50% tea root distribution in the 10~20 cm. The range of test garden slope was determined by measuring, designs a new kind of test box lifting tea cultivation frame, can achieve 0~ 15 degrees slope adjustment, to simulate the real tea garden the slope condition. By hydraulic calculation, design of sprinkler test system of box frame and tea field, the irrigation intensity is set to 6 mm/h. (2) low slope soil water infiltration depth model on slope and irrigation intensity factors in deep moist As index, has set up 9 different treatments in the cradle, in tea cultivation conditions, studied the soil water infiltration process of slope, effect of irrigation intensity on the wetting front migration rate, effect on wetting depth and water redistribution process, so as to establish the soil water infiltration the depth of model. In addition, there is no difference between, tea planting water movement in the soil. The soil moisture and the infiltration depth model required infiltration depth and the experiments are carried out. Based on the results showed that: in the process of infiltration, wetting front migration rate and a positive correlation between the intensity of spray irrigation and a negative correlation with slope; in the soil water redistribution process, infiltration depth and wetting depth ratio was positively correlated with irrigation intensity and negative correlation with slope, showed that irrigation intensity is smaller, the greater the slope, the more conducive to water Vertical motion; slope in the scope of the study, there is no tea planting the critical slope wetting front migration rate change trend with the slope value. Tea cultivation has not yet found the critical gradient. In low slope, the tea root decreases and wetted depth distribution. While the large slope, there are tea root increase the wetting depth distribution. In addition, 0~10 cm water loss amount and air temperature, solar radiation and wind speed were positively correlated. After verification, the infiltration depth and the average error between the measured values of the 1.71% model, the average error between the desired wetted depth and the measured value was 2.92%, water infiltration depth model test results show that the theory of infiltration depth is 21.52 cm, the measured infiltration depth is 22.69 cm, the error is 5.44%, the ideal wetting depth is 40 cm, the depth of wetting the measured average value is 38.91 cm, error Test the tea garden for 2.73%. the model can be better applied to the selected. (3) the development of tea garden and field test system control technology of irrigation control: (1) according to the certain slope of the tea garden and sprinkler irrigation intensity and start when the soil moisture of a certain depth is less than the set value; (2) above the water. Infiltration depth model based on the desired irrigation time controller operation, the sprinkler operation time; (3) repeat the above (1) and (2). The control technology based on PLC, soil moisture sensor and touch screen, the development of tea garden irrigation control system, the garden slope, irrigation intensity (based on the characteristic of nozzle parameters) and the maximum depth of tea root as the external input parameters, to perform the sprinkler operation. In the field test, the test results show that: the infiltration depth error and the calculated values of the 2.60% tea garden irrigation control system under test, test Error of the wetted depth and the expected value of the 3.40%. in the tea garden irrigation control system can achieve good effect. It can be expected the sprinkler irrigation control system based on tea consumption under 7.252 m~3 in contrast test, and 11.378m~ water consumption of the traditional irrigation control technology compared to the 3, water-saving rate reached 36.26%.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：江蘇大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S571.1;S275.5

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