本文關鍵詞： 生物土壤結皮 伊敏露天礦 土壤發(fā)育 降水再分配 植被群落演替　出處：《中國地質大學(北京)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：干旱半干旱草原區(qū)一直以來就是生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱地區(qū),隨著露天煤礦開采,,典型草原區(qū)伊敏露天礦排土場上出現(xiàn)了與原地貌截然不同的生境——生長著大片的生物土壤結皮(BSCs),BSCs的生態(tài)功能對于解決草原區(qū)露天礦復墾表土不足、水資源短缺、適宜物種少這三大問題有重要的意義。本文通過生物土壤結皮調查、植被多樣性調查以及土壤樣品采集和降水模擬實驗,分析了 BSCs對復墾土壤初期發(fā)育、降水再分配影響和與植被群落演替的關系,主要研究結果如下:1.排土場BSCs對復墾土壤初期發(fā)育影響明顯。(1)對土壤質地和土壤容重的影響主要集中于0～5cm表土層。2mm～0.05mm范圍內的顆粒是排土場BSCs形成和發(fā)育的物質基礎,隨著BSCs的拓殖和發(fā)育,粗砂粒含量減少、細砂粒和粗粉粒的含量在增高;藻結皮比苔蘚結皮對土壤容重影響更為明顯。(2)除了pH值,其他土壤發(fā)育化學指標受結皮影響且差異顯著。有機質、水解性氮、速效磷、速效鉀受結皮影響積累程度都可以達到土層20cm,全氮積累程度達到土層10cm;藻結皮對速效磷的積累能力高于苔蘚結皮和地衣結皮。2.BSCs對表工具有顯著的持水能力。(1)低降雨量(5mm)時,不同類型結皮的短期表土持水能力顯著,但是較長時間內的持水能力存在差異,苔蘚結皮持水能力大于其他兩種結皮。(2)高降雨量(10mm)時,苔蘚結皮短期和長期都有明顯的持水能力。BSCs對降水攔截作用與其對土壤質地的影響共同改變了土壤水分的入滲。排土場復墾土壤表土持水能力和入滲、再分配過程的變化,形成了全新的土壤一植被系統(tǒng)水環(huán)境。3.隨著BSCs蓋度的增加,排土場植被功能群落重要值、物種多樣性指數都呈現(xiàn)出不同的變化規(guī)律。(1) 一、二年生草本(AB)重要值逐漸減少,呈現(xiàn)負相關;多年生草本(PH)重要值和典型草原優(yōu)勢種(DS)先升后降;灌木、半灌木(SH)重要值呈現(xiàn)先降低后升高的變化趨勢,存在明顯的典型草原灌叢化。(2) Shannon-Wiener 多樣性指數(H')、Simpson 多樣性指數(D)、Patrick豐富度指數(Pa)、Pielou均勻度指數(Jp)呈現(xiàn)先上升后下降趨勢,Patrick指數變化起伏更大,受結皮蓋度影響更為明顯,在人工擾動的露天礦排土場,BSCs成為植被演替的重要驅動因素之一。
[Abstract]:The arid and semi-arid grasslands have always been areas with fragile ecological environments. With the development of open pit coal mine, the ecological function of BSCS BSCs on the dump of Yimin opencast mine in typical grassland area is very different from the original landform, and the ecological function of BSCS BSCs can solve the shortage of reclaimed topsoil in open pit. It is of great significance that water resources are short and suitable species are few. Through the investigation of soil crust, vegetation diversity, soil sample collection and precipitation simulation, this paper analyzes the effect of BSCs on the initial development of reclaimed soil. The relationship between the influence of precipitation redistribution and the succession of vegetation community, The main results are as follows: (1) the effect of BSCs on the initial development of reclaimed soil is obvious.) the effect on soil texture and bulk density is mainly concentrated in the 0 ~ 5 cm surface layer of 0 ~ 5 cm surface layer. 2 mm ~ 0. 05 mm particles are the material basis for the formation and development of BSCs in the dump. With the colonization and development of BSCs, the content of coarse sand decreased, the content of fine sand and coarse silt increased, the effect of algal crust on soil bulk density was more obvious than that of moss crust. Other chemical indexes of soil development were affected by crusts and the differences were significant. Organic matter, hydrolytic nitrogen, available phosphorus, organic matter, hydrolysate nitrogen, available phosphorus, The accumulation of available potassium under the influence of crust can reach 20 cm in soil layer and 10 cm in total nitrogen, and the accumulation capacity of available phosphorus in algal crust is higher than that in moss crust and lichen crust. 2.BSCs have significant water holding capacity to surface tools. The water holding capacity of different types of crust was significant, but the water holding capacity of moss crust was higher than that of the other two types of crusts (10mm), but the water holding capacity of moss crust was higher than that of the other two types of crusts (10mm). Both short and long term moss crust has obvious water holding capacity. BSCs affect precipitation interception and soil texture together change the infiltration of soil water. With the increase of BSCs coverage, the important values of vegetation functional communities and the species diversity indices in the dump showed different variation patterns. One, the important values of the biennial herbaceous herbaceous plants gradually decreased with the increase of BSCs coverage. The important values of PHP and DSs of typical steppe increased first and then decreased, and the important values of shrub and subshrubs showed a tendency of decreasing first and then rising. There were obvious typical steppe thickets. 2) Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Patrick richness index, and Pao Pao Pielou evenness index (JpP) showed a trend of rising first, then decreasing. The variation of Shannon-Wiener index was more fluctuating, and was more obviously influenced by crust cover. BSCs have become one of the important driving factors of vegetation succession in artificial disturbed open pit dump.
【學位授予單位】：中國地質大學(北京)
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：TD88;S812

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