本文關(guān)鍵詞：培肥措施對(duì)新整理黃壤煙田土壤熟化的影響　出處：《西南大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 新整理煙田 生物有機(jī)肥 微生物 土壤調(diào)理劑 土壤肥力綜合評(píng)價(jià)

【摘要】：重慶是我國(guó)煙葉的主要產(chǎn)區(qū)之一,煙葉種植面積常年維持在40000~46667公頃,種植規(guī)模和產(chǎn)量占全國(guó)第六位,屬于典型的山地農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)區(qū)。為推動(dòng)煙田的現(xiàn)代化建設(shè),提高機(jī)械化程度,結(jié)合植煙區(qū)田地破碎度大、耕地坡度較大且較為分散等特點(diǎn),進(jìn)行基本煙田土地整理勢(shì)在必行。但在煙田整理過(guò)程中,由于大型機(jī)械的作業(yè)導(dǎo)致土層擾亂,存在煙田土壤肥力下降、煙葉產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)降低等問(wèn)題。因此通過(guò)研究不同培肥措施對(duì)煙田土壤熟化和煙草品質(zhì)的影響,進(jìn)而篩選出最佳培肥模式,同時(shí)對(duì)新整理煙田土壤肥力進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià)的研究,為煙草產(chǎn)業(yè)的健康可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供依據(jù)。本試驗(yàn)以重慶市主要植煙區(qū)縣新整理煙田為對(duì)象,大田試驗(yàn)與室內(nèi)試驗(yàn)相結(jié)合,研究了生物有機(jī)肥對(duì)新整煙田土壤微生物生態(tài)特性的影響;生物有機(jī)肥對(duì)黃壤煙田真菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)和煙葉產(chǎn)質(zhì)量的影響;有機(jī)肥-膨潤(rùn)土-腐殖酸復(fù)合調(diào)理劑對(duì)黃壤土吸附氮素的影響;新整理煙田土壤肥力綜合評(píng)價(jià),主要結(jié)果如下:(1)不同培肥模式(常規(guī)處理、生物有機(jī)肥375 kg/hm2、生物有機(jī)肥750kg/hm2、生物有機(jī)肥1500 kg/hm2)對(duì)煙草的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、煙葉品質(zhì)、土壤微生物數(shù)量及活性的影響各有不同。相對(duì)于常規(guī)處理,連續(xù)三年施用生物有機(jī)肥的處理,均價(jià)、總產(chǎn)值和中上等煙葉的比例都有一定程度的提高,以生物有機(jī)肥750 kg/hm2處理的均價(jià)、中上等煙比例和總產(chǎn)值最高;相對(duì)于常規(guī)處理,生物有機(jī)肥750kg/hm2和1500 kg/hm2處理的土壤微生物數(shù)量、土壤微生物碳氮、土壤微生物呼吸強(qiáng)度及微生物熵均有一定程度的提高,結(jié)合烤煙生產(chǎn),生物有機(jī)肥750 kg/hm2的處理為最佳選擇。(2)黃壤煙田連續(xù)三年定點(diǎn)施用生物有機(jī)肥后,可以改善黃壤煙田土壤真菌群落結(jié)構(gòu),煙田真菌群落多樣性提高。施用生物有機(jī)肥處理較傳統(tǒng)處理,可使土壤優(yōu)勢(shì)真菌群中有益的子囊菌門糞殼菌目(Sordariales_unclassified)和肉座菌目(Hypocreales)相對(duì)豐度增加,具有致病性的赤霉屬(Gibberrella)的相對(duì)豐度降低,而其他菌屬相對(duì)豐度變化不大。生物有機(jī)肥配合火土灰和磷肥施用降低了煙草發(fā)病率,增加煙草的產(chǎn)量和中上等煙葉的比例。黃壤煙田施肥推薦基施生物有機(jī)肥675 kg/hm2配合移栽穴施營(yíng)養(yǎng)土1500 kg/hm2(由火土灰1372.5、生物有機(jī)肥75、復(fù)合肥15和磷肥37.5均勻混合而成)的施肥方式。(3)有機(jī)肥-膨潤(rùn)土-腐殖酸混合而成的土壤調(diào)理劑有利于增強(qiáng)黃壤煙田對(duì)氮素的吸附,土壤調(diào)理劑對(duì)土壤NH4+-N吸附的影響隨著培養(yǎng)時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)表現(xiàn)出逐漸增加的趨勢(shì),并在培養(yǎng)60 d時(shí)氮素吸附量達(dá)到最高值。各處理NH4+-N的等溫吸附曲線可以用Langmuir方程進(jìn)行很好地?cái)M合。隨著土壤調(diào)理劑用量的增加,土壤NH4+-N最大吸附量Qmax也逐漸提高。土壤調(diào)理劑中腐殖酸添加比例能調(diào)節(jié)黃壤對(duì)NH4+-N的吸持能力,調(diào)理劑中腐殖酸添加量為20%,顯著增加了黃壤對(duì)NH4+-N的吸附的容量和強(qiáng)度指標(biāo)。在烤煙生產(chǎn)上可選擇有機(jī)肥-膨潤(rùn)土-腐殖酸三者配比為6:2:2的土壤調(diào)理劑,根據(jù)各地?zé)熖锿寥婪柿顩r確定施用量。(4)對(duì)模糊綜合評(píng)價(jià)法進(jìn)行一定程度上的改進(jìn),利用模糊數(shù)學(xué)法確定評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)的隸屬度,用偏相關(guān)系數(shù)法求其權(quán)重,對(duì)重慶新整理煙田改良前后的土壤肥力質(zhì)量進(jìn)行了綜合評(píng)價(jià)。選擇11項(xiàng)指標(biāo)作為評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),具體包括:水穩(wěn)性團(tuán)粒結(jié)構(gòu)、pH、陽(yáng)離子交換量、有機(jī)質(zhì)、全氮、全磷、緩效鉀、堿解氮、速效磷、速效鉀、水溶性氯。各個(gè)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)對(duì)土壤養(yǎng)分的貢獻(xiàn)程度不同,其中對(duì)土壤綜合養(yǎng)分貢獻(xiàn)程度最大的是有機(jī)質(zhì),權(quán)重系數(shù)為0.1657,而貢獻(xiàn)程度最小的則是全鉀,權(quán)重值僅為0.0244。新整理煙田改良后,養(yǎng)分肥力等級(jí)(IFI)為極高的占總體的5.21%,養(yǎng)分肥力等級(jí)高的占46.96%,養(yǎng)分等級(jí)中等的為41.43%,養(yǎng)分等級(jí)低和極低的僅占6.4%。重慶新整理煙田改良前后土壤肥力關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)變化較大,總體上,改良后的煙田土壤肥力有顯著提高。其中,土壤大量元素速效養(yǎng)分、全量養(yǎng)分、陽(yáng)離子交換量和微生物區(qū)系數(shù)量都有較大提高。改良效果較為明顯。
[Abstract]:Chongqing is one of the main producing areas of China tobacco, tobacco planting area perennial maintained at 40000~46667 hectares, planting scale and yield accounted for sixth, is a typical mountainous agricultural ecological zones. In order to promote tobacco modernization, improve the degree of mechanization of planting area land fragmentation, and the characteristics of cultivated land slope more dispersed, for basic tobacco field land consolidation is imperative. But in the process of tobacco finishing, due to the large machinery operation leads to soil disturbance, there is a decline in soil fertility, yield and quality of tobacco reduction. So through the study of the effect of Fertilization on soil ripening and the quality of tobacco, and screening the optimum fertilization model, research and comprehensive evaluation of soil fertility in tobacco fields of new order, provide the basis for the tobacco industry's healthy and sustainable development. In this experiment, the main city of Chongqing The new County tobacco tobacco finishing as the object, field tests and laboratory tests combined study of bio organic fertilizer on the whole new soil microbial ecological characteristics; bio organic fertilizer on tobacco field soil fungal community structure and yield and quality of tobacco leaf; effect of humic organic fertilizer - bentonite acid composite conditioner the yellow soil nitrogen adsorption; new consolidation soil fertility comprehensive evaluation, the main results are as follows: (1) different fertilization patterns (conventional treatment, bio organic fertilizer 375 kg/hm2, 750kg/hm2 biological organic fertilizer, biological organic fertilizer 1500 kg/hm2) on the economic benefits of tobacco, tobacco quality, soil microorganism quantity and activity are different. Compared with the conventional treatment, for three consecutive years of biological organic fertilizer processing, price, output and quality of tobacco were improved to a certain degree, the bio organic fertilizer of 750 kg/hm2 in average, The highest total output value and proportion of superior tobacco; compared with the conventional treatment, biological organic fertilizer 750kg/hm2 and 1500 kg/hm2 the quantity of soil microorganisms, soil microbial carbon and nitrogen, soil microbial respiration and microbial quotient were improved to a certain extent, combined with the flue-cured tobacco production, biological organic fertilizer 750 kg/hm2 is the best choice. (2) in tobacco field soil three consecutive years of fixed bio organic fertilizer, can improve the soil of tobacco field soil fungal community structure in tobacco fields, fungal community diversity increased. Application of bio organic fertilizers, soil fungi can make the advantage group beneficial Ascomycota sordariales (Sordariales_unclassified) and hypocreales (Hypocreales) increase in relative abundance with the pathogenicity of Gibberella (Gibberrella) relative abundance decreased, while the other is not to change. The abundance of bacteria animal bio organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer with Tu Hui Application decreased the incidence of tobacco, increase the yield and quality of tobacco leaves. The proportion of tobacco field soil fertilizer recommendation based biological organic fertilizer 675 kg/hm2 with 1500 kg/hm2 in transplanting nutrient soil (by 1372.5 bio organic fertilizer Tu Hui, 75, 15 and 37.5 phosphate compound fertilizer and uniformly mixing fertilizer (3). Soil conditioner and organic fertilizer) - bentonite - humic acid mixture to enhance the adsorption of nitrogen in tobacco field soil, effects of soil conditioner on soil adsorption of NH4+-N with prolonged incubation time showed a gradually increasing trend, and in the cultivation of 60 d nitrogen adsorption isothermal adsorption curve reached the highest value. The NH4+-N can be well fitted by Langmuir equation. With the increase of soil conditioners, soil NH4+-N maximum adsorption capacity of Qmax is gradually increased. In the soil conditioner can adjust the proportion of humic acid added yellow The soil holding capacity of NH4+-N absorption, the conditioner humic acid content is 20%, significantly increased the capacity and strength of NH4+-N. The adsorption of yellow soil in tobacco production can choose organic fertilizer - bentonite, humic acid three ratio of soil conditioner 6:2:2, according to the situation of soil fertility in tobacco fields around to determine the application the amount. (4) to a certain degree of improvement of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, using the fuzzy mathematics method to determine the membership degree of evaluation index, calculate the weight by partial correlation coefficient method, the soil fertility quality of Chongqing tobacco field before and after finishing improvement were evaluated. 11 indexes as the evaluation index, including water stable aggregate, pH, cation exchange capacity, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, potassium, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, water soluble chloride. The contribution of each evaluation index of soil nutrients in different soil, the comprehensive support Contribution of the largest degree of organic matter, the weight coefficient is 0.1657, and the contribution of the smallest is k, the weight value is only 0.0244. new finishing tobacco improved fertility level (IFI) for the overall high accounted for 5.21%, accounting for 46.96% of the high level of fertility, nutrient level is medium 41.43%, low nutrient level and low soil fertility accounted for key index changes before and after the 6.4%. Chongqing new tobacco sorting improved greatly, on the whole, the soil fertility in tobacco fields improved significantly. Among them, a large number of elements of soil available nutrients, nutrient content, cation exchange capacity and the number of microbial flora are improved greatly. The effect is more obvious.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S572

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