本文選題：地方法院 + 司法體制　； 參考：《東南大學》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：自建國以后,我國的司法發(fā)展事業(yè)、司法改革道路歷盡曲折。其中,改革開放以來,以十一屆三中全會的召開為起點,至十八屆四中全會,我國的司法改革已歷經(jīng)了36個年頭,期間最高人民法院先后頒布了四個“五年改革綱要”,對我國的司法改革進行了規(guī)劃。30余年的改革取得了較大的成就,完善了我國的司法體制。但囿于我國具體國情、缺乏完善的頂層設計等因素,以往的司法改革始終未能較好的解決省以下地方法院存在的司法地方化、司法行政化、民事執(zhí)行難等問題,地方法院的管理體制、審判體制與執(zhí)行體制仍然存在很多問題。黨的十八屆三中全會通過的《中共中央關于全面深化改革若干重大問題的決定》和十八屆四中全會通過的《中共中央關于全面推進依法治國若干重大問題的決定》,對新一輪司法體制改革的框架與思路進行了設計部署。僅從詞頻來看,僅僅在《中共中央關于全面推進依法治國若干重大問題的決定》中,“法治”一詞即出現(xiàn)了111次,“司法”一詞出現(xiàn)了73次,可見頂層對推進司法體制改革的重大決心。但頂層設計僅是對司法體制改革進行了宏觀性的藍圖規(guī)劃,并沒有說明具體的操作路徑與方法�；谶@種考慮,本文試圖在考察我國法院司法權(quán)的屬性、功能以及司法制度形成與發(fā)展的基礎上,通過對最高人民法院出臺的四個“五年改革綱要”進行對比,全面分析我國司法體制的現(xiàn)狀以及存在的問題,并據(jù)此提出較為全面的省以下地方法院管理體制、審判體制和審執(zhí)分離體制改革的路徑與方法。全文共分為五章：第一章主要是分析司法權(quán)的含義和屬性、功能,描述我國司法制度的歷史演變。司法權(quán)為判斷權(quán),具有中央屬性,是國家權(quán)力體系中的裁判性、終極性和中立性權(quán)力。司法裁決主要是進行法的判斷,處理司法訴求應兼顧個案正義和社會正義,法官的中立性地位也是相對的,司法體制改革的核心內(nèi)容之一則是實現(xiàn)司法權(quán)的保權(quán)功能。對我國法院的管理體制、審判體制以及執(zhí)行體制的歷史演變進行了系統(tǒng)梳理。第二章主要是對最高人民法院四個“五年改革綱要”的出臺背景、改革目標、主要內(nèi)容等進行全面對比,分析我國司法改革前期取得的成果和存在的不足之處,并對我國地方法院目前在體制方面仍然存在的司法權(quán)的地方化、司法管理的行政化、司法判決的集權(quán)化以及審執(zhí)權(quán)力配置的異化等問題進行全面分析。帶著這種問題意識,歸納總結(jié)出司法體制改革要實現(xiàn)的四個目標(一是有利于實現(xiàn)實體公正；二是有利于實現(xiàn)程序正義；三是有利于增進司法廉潔；四是有利于提高訴訟效率)和必須堅持的三個指導思想(一是科學認識我國現(xiàn)階段的法治國情；二是準確理解全面推進依法治國的新思路、新目標、新任務；三是系統(tǒng)把握四五改革綱要的理論基點、邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)與改革路徑)以及新一輪司法體制改革的方向和目標。第三章主要論述管理體制改革路徑與方法。改革內(nèi)容主要包括以下幾點：一是建立統(tǒng)一的司法管理決策和實施體制,將管理職能與審判職能逐步分離,在法院內(nèi)部設立專門的司法管理局,并在上下級法院之間實行垂直管理。二是構(gòu)建科學的人員分類管理體制,依據(jù)職位分類建立相應的招聘、薪酬、培訓和管理體制。三是建立法官員額制,建立平等競爭、統(tǒng)一遴選的法官選拔機制,競爭應當采取以客觀量化考核為主、主觀認識評價為輔的方式對所有法官一視同仁的進行考核,最大限度消除改革中的不平等現(xiàn)象。四是改革法官遴選制度,將法官錄用從公務員招考制度中剝離出來,上級法院原則上應從下一級法院的法官中逐級選拔法官；五是完善職業(yè)保障體系,對法官和具有行政編制的法官助理實行單獨薪酬體系,聘用制法官助理和書記員按現(xiàn)行工資收入加能級崗位津貼(按照三級九等設定不同能級),司法警察按照人民警察的相關待遇規(guī)定執(zhí)行等。六是改革司法經(jīng)費管理制度,中級法院和基層法院的非稅收入均劃歸省級財政,由各省財政按照人員經(jīng)費、日常運行公用經(jīng)費、辦案經(jīng)費、業(yè)務裝備經(jīng)費和基本建設經(jīng)費分類核定支出,實現(xiàn)“收支徹底脫鉤、財政全額保障”。第四章主要論述審判體制改革的路徑與方法。本章重點探討了以下幾個方面的改革：是建立與行政區(qū)劃適當分離的司法管轄制度,但對于行政法院的設立,論文提出在目前的司法現(xiàn)狀下,較好的方案是先將行政案件進行集中管轄,對一些特殊的行政案件通過提級管轄、指定管轄等方式解決,待將來條件成熟時,可再設立專門的行政法院。二是改革審判權(quán)運行機制,通過建立專業(yè)化審判團隊替代原有審判庭,取消院、庭長的案件簽批權(quán),建立審判委員會討論案件過濾機制,成立專業(yè)法官會議制度等改革方式,實現(xiàn)法官的獨立審判,并統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)落實司法責任制與法官獨立審判的履職保障。三是改革人民陪審制度,取消單位推薦的方式,從符合條件的公民中采取隨機抽取的方式進行,并實行人民陪審員不再審理法律適用問題,只參與審理事實認定。第五章主要論述了民事審執(zhí)分離的改革模式。從分析實施審執(zhí)分離改革的目的在于切實解決“執(zhí)行難”入手,對強制執(zhí)行與審判的共通性機理和差異性機理進行了分析,梳理了我國強制執(zhí)行權(quán)的分權(quán)改革歷程與現(xiàn)狀,對當前強制執(zhí)行體制存在的問題、執(zhí)行難的成因進行內(nèi)外兩方面的深入剖析,并通過計算改革的成本考量,對比了執(zhí)行權(quán)整體剝離、執(zhí)行實施權(quán)單獨剝離、執(zhí)行權(quán)深化內(nèi)分三種改革模式,提出我國的審執(zhí)分離改革應當在整個司法體制改革框架下,結(jié)合地方法院人、財、物統(tǒng)一管理體制改革和法官員額制改革,在執(zhí)行員與法官分離、執(zhí)行實施權(quán)與執(zhí)行裁決權(quán)分離、執(zhí)行工作統(tǒng)一管理的“兩分一統(tǒng)”工作機制上實現(xiàn)突破,為審執(zhí)分離改革試點提供參照系。
[Abstract]:Since the founding of the people's Republic of China, our country's judicial development and the road of judicial reform have been tortuous. Since the opening of the reform and opening up, since the beginning of the the third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, the judicial reform in China has gone through 36 years, and the Supreme People's Court issued four "five year reform outline" and the Department of our country. The reform of the law of law has made great achievements and improved the judicial system of our country. However, due to the specific national conditions of our country and the lack of perfect top-level design, the previous judicial reform has not been able to solve the problems of judicial localization, judicial administration and civil execution, which exist in the local courts below the province of.30. The administrative system of the local courts, the trial system and the implementation system still have many problems. In the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, the Party Central Committee adopted the decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on several major issues of the comprehensive deepening of reform and the new round of decisions on several major issues concerning the comprehensive promotion of the rule of law by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in the fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee. The framework and ideas of the reform of the judicial system have been designed and deployed. Only in terms of word frequency, only in the decision of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China that the word "rule of law" has appeared 111 times, and the word "judicature" has appeared 73 times, and the top level is a great determination to promote the reform of the judicial system. But the top level is set up. On the basis of this consideration, this paper tries to examine the four "five year reform outline" issued by the highest people's Court on the basis of examining the properties, functions and the formation and development of the judicial power of the court of our country. This paper makes a comprehensive analysis of the current situation of our judicial system and the existing problems, and puts forward a more comprehensive management system for the following local courts, the path and method of the reform of the system of trial and separation. The full text is divided into five chapters: the first chapter is the analysis of the meaning and attributes of the legal rights, functions, and the description of our country's judicature. The judicial power is the right to judge and has the central attribute. It is the judgment, the ultimate and the neutral power in the state power system. The judicial adjudication is mainly the judgment of the law. The judicial appeal should take into account the case justice and the social justice, the judge's neutrality is also relative, and the core content of the judicial system reform. One is to realize the function of protecting the right of judicature. It systematically combs the historical evolution of the administrative system, the trial system and the executive system of the courts of our country. The second chapter is mainly the background of the introduction of the four "five year reform outline" of the Supreme People's court, the reform goal, the main content and so on, and the analysis of the judicial reform in our country before the reform. The results and the shortcomings of the existence, and the local courts of our country still exist in the current system of the judicial power of the localization, the administration of judicial administration, judicial decision centralization and the dissimilation of the disposition of the adjudicatory power. With this kind of problem consciousness, it is concluded that the reform of the judicial system should be real. The present four goals (one is conducive to the realization of substantive justice; the two is conducive to the realization of procedural justice; three is beneficial to the promotion of judicial integrity; four is to improve the efficiency of the litigation) and the three guiding ideology that must be adhered to (first, to understand the national conditions of the rule of law at the present stage of our country; and the two is to understand the new rule of law in an accurate understanding of the new state. " Thinking, new goals and new tasks; three is the theoretical basis of the systematic grasp of the outline of the four or five reform, the logical structure and the path of reform, as well as the direction and goal of the new round of judicial system reform. The third chapter mainly discusses the path and methods of the reform of the management system. The contents of the reform include the following points: first, to establish a unified judicial management decision and to establish a unified judicial management decision. The implementation of the system, the gradual separation of the management and trial functions, the establishment of a special judicial administration within the court, and the vertical management between the upper and lower courts. Two, the establishment of a scientific personnel classification management system and the establishment of a corresponding recruitment, salary, training and management system according to the classification of positions. Three is the establishment of a system of judges and the establishment of a system of judges. Equal competition, the unified selection of the selection mechanism of judge selection, competition should take the objective quantitative assessment, subjective cognition and evaluation as the auxiliary way to all judges of the same assessment, to maximize the elimination of unequal phenomena in the reform. Four is the reform of the judge selection system, judge the judge from the civil service recruitment system out of the system The higher courts should, in principle, select judges from the lower court's judges in principle; the five is to improve the occupational security system, to implement a separate salary system for judges and judges with administrative judges, and to employ the assistant of the judges and the clerks in accordance with the current salary income plus level post allowance (set the different levels according to level three and nine). The law police are carried out in accordance with the relevant regulations of the people's police. Six is the reform of the administration system of judicial funds. The non tax revenue of the intermediate and grass-roots courts is all classified into the provincial finance. The fourth chapter mainly discusses the ways and means of the reform of the trial system. This chapter focuses on the reform of the following aspects: the establishment of a judicial jurisdiction system which is properly separated from the administrative division, but for the establishment of the administrative court, the paper puts forward the better scheme under the current judicial status. First, the administrative cases are centralized and jurisdiction, and some special administrative cases can be settled through the jurisdiction of class, and the special administrative courts can be set up when the conditions are ripe in the future. Two is to reform the operation mechanism of the judicial power, and through the establishment of a professional trial team to replace the original trial court, the abolition of the court and the jurisdiction of the president of the court. We should establish the judicial committee to discuss the mechanism of the case filtering, establish the system of professional judges meeting, realize the independent trial of the judges, and coordinate and coordinate the implementation of the judicial responsibility system and the independent trial of the judges. Three, the reform of the people's jury system, the abolition of the method of unit recommendation, and the random extraction of the eligible citizens The fifth chapter mainly discusses the reform mode of the separation of civil adjudication. From the analysis of the purpose of the analysis and implementation of the reform, the purpose of the reform is to solve the "difficulty of execution" and the common mechanism and differential mechanism of compulsory execution and trial. It analyzes the process and present situation of the decentralization reform in China's compulsory enforcement power, analyses the existing problems in the current enforcement system and the causes of the difficulties in execution, and compares the total stripping of the executive power, the separate stripping of implementation right and the deepening of the implementation right by calculating the cost of the reform, by calculating the cost of the reform. In the framework of the reform of the judicial system, we should combine the reform of the local court, the reform of the unified management system of the local court, the reform of the unified management system of the property and the material, the separation of the judges, the separation of the executive power and the enforcement of the ruling power, and the "dual and unified" work mechanism of the unified management of the execution of the work. This breakthrough provides a reference frame for the reform of the separation of trial and appointment.

【學位授予單位】：東南大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：D926.22
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本文編號：1885550