發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-03-05 16:21

  本文選題：貿(mào)易自由化　切入點(diǎn)：工資　出處：《對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)》2014年博士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：基于1998-2007年的中國(guó)工業(yè)企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)、世界銀行聯(lián)合中國(guó)國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局于2005年所采集的投資氣象調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)、中國(guó)2002年投入產(chǎn)出表以及WITS內(nèi)中國(guó)1998-2007年間HS6位碼進(jìn)口關(guān)稅，本文較為系統(tǒng)地從區(qū)域、行業(yè)、企業(yè)三個(gè)層面上研究和分析了中國(guó)的貿(mào)易自由化對(duì)工資的影響。本文的一大特色是分別考慮了產(chǎn)成品貿(mào)易自由化與投入品貿(mào)易自由化的作用，從而便于比較和分析兩者之間的差異，一大突破是直接分析了企業(yè)參與自由貿(mào)易的行為（進(jìn)口國(guó)外投入品）對(duì)其內(nèi)部不同技能類(lèi)型勞動(dòng)力工資差距的影響，從而填補(bǔ)了國(guó)內(nèi)相關(guān)研究的空缺。 在系統(tǒng)回顧了貿(mào)易自由化與工資關(guān)系的理論后，本文從實(shí)證的角度探討了以下四個(gè)具體問(wèn)題：貿(mào)易自由化對(duì)區(qū)域工資水平的影響，貿(mào)易自由化對(duì)行業(yè)工資水平的影響，貿(mào)易自由化對(duì)企業(yè)工資水平的影響，以及貿(mào)易自由化對(duì)企業(yè)內(nèi)工資不平等的影響。區(qū)域和行業(yè)層面的研究是為了檢驗(yàn)貿(mào)易自由化的宏觀(guān)效果，而企業(yè)層面的研究主要是分析企業(yè)在貿(mào)易自由化大背景下的微觀(guān)反應(yīng)。在前三個(gè)實(shí)證問(wèn)題中，本文考察了貿(mào)易自由化對(duì)勞動(dòng)力的平均影響，第四個(gè)實(shí)證問(wèn)題則是分析了貿(mào)易自由化對(duì)不同技能類(lèi)型勞動(dòng)力的差異化影響。 本文完成的主要工作及得到的主要結(jié)論如下： 第一，在構(gòu)建了符合理論模型的區(qū)域貿(mào)易壁壘指標(biāo)后，本文發(fā)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)成品和投入品貿(mào)易自由化均帶來(lái)了區(qū)域工資水平的上升，但是投入品貿(mào)易自由化的作用更為顯著。就本文所偏好的固定效應(yīng)估計(jì)結(jié)果來(lái)說(shuō)，區(qū)域產(chǎn)成品貿(mào)易壁壘每下降1%，區(qū)域工資水平上升約1.5%，區(qū)域投入品貿(mào)易壁壘每下降1%，區(qū)域工資水平上升約4.2%。進(jìn)一步的回歸結(jié)果顯示，貿(mào)易壁壘的下降顯著地提升了區(qū)域內(nèi)最低企業(yè)工資水平，這表明貿(mào)易自由化是通過(guò)提高企業(yè)生存門(mén)檻的方式來(lái)提升區(qū)域工資水平的。 第二，貿(mào)易自由化顯著地提升了行業(yè)工資水平。同樣地，投入品貿(mào)易自由化的作用較為顯著�；鶞�(zhǔn)回歸結(jié)果和穩(wěn)健性分析說(shuō)明，行業(yè)產(chǎn)成品關(guān)稅每下降1%，行業(yè)工資水平上升約0.2%；行業(yè)投入品關(guān)稅每下降1%，行業(yè)工資水平上升幅度約在1%-2%之間。貿(mào)易自由化對(duì)行業(yè)工資水平的影響在于其會(huì)導(dǎo)致行業(yè)內(nèi)企業(yè)生存門(mén)檻的提高，而這會(huì)反映為生存門(mén)檻對(duì)應(yīng)的企業(yè)工資水平的提升，本文使用行業(yè)內(nèi)最低企業(yè)工資水平作為被解釋變量，，對(duì)行業(yè)關(guān)稅進(jìn)行回歸，得到的結(jié)論支持了上述論斷，而且相比產(chǎn)成品關(guān)稅，投入品關(guān)稅的下降對(duì)行業(yè)內(nèi)最低企業(yè)工資水平的影響更顯著，這也解釋了投入品關(guān)稅對(duì)行業(yè)工資水平作用更大的原因。 第三，貿(mào)易自由化對(duì)企業(yè)工資水平的作用相比宏觀(guān)層面較弱。使用全樣本時(shí)，固定效應(yīng)下的估計(jì)結(jié)果顯示產(chǎn)成品關(guān)稅和投入品關(guān)稅的下降均顯著地提升了企業(yè)的工資水平，產(chǎn)成品關(guān)稅和投入品關(guān)稅每下降1%，企業(yè)工資水平分別上升約0.1%和0.2%，一階差分估計(jì)法下，產(chǎn)成品關(guān)稅的作用沒(méi)有變化，而投入品關(guān)稅的作用提高為0.4%；使用平衡面板數(shù)據(jù)并未發(fā)現(xiàn)貿(mào)易自由化對(duì)企業(yè)工資水平具有顯著的作用。這里的結(jié)果從側(cè)面說(shuō)明了宏觀(guān)層面工資水平的上升更大程度上來(lái)自于貿(mào)易自由化的篩選效應(yīng)，低效企業(yè)由于虧損而退出，其釋放出來(lái)的勞動(dòng)力流向支付高工資的高效企業(yè)。 第四，貿(mào)易自由化顯著地提升了企業(yè)內(nèi)工資不平等。企業(yè)進(jìn)口投入品的行為使其內(nèi)部普通員工最高最低工資比提高約50%；使得總經(jīng)理與中層經(jīng)理的工資比提高約30%；使得中層經(jīng)理與普通員工的工資比提高約12%-20%。進(jìn)一步的研究表明，參與到自由貿(mào)易之中的企業(yè)對(duì)高技能勞動(dòng)力的需求更高、更傾向于使用績(jī)效工資、更有可能進(jìn)行研發(fā)支出、更傾向于提供員工培訓(xùn)機(jī)會(huì)、更多地使用計(jì)算機(jī)，這些因素都導(dǎo)致了企業(yè)內(nèi)工資不平等的上升。
[Abstract]:1998-2007 years of data China industrial enterprises based on the investment of meteorological survey data the World Bank jointly Chinese National Bureau of statistics collected in 2005, 2002 China input-output table and WITS within 1998-2007 years China HS6 code import tariffs, this paper systematically from the region, industry, three levels of enterprises on the research and analysis of the Chinese trade the impact of liberalization on the wage. A major feature of this paper is to consider the effect of the finished product are inputs of trade liberalization and trade liberalization, in order to facilitate the comparison and analysis of the difference between the two, a major breakthrough is the direct analysis of the enterprises to participate in the free trade act (imported inputs) effect on the inside different types of skills wage gap, to fill the domestic research vacancy.
The systematic review of the relationship between trade liberalization and the wage theory, this paper discusses the following four specific questions from an empirical point of view: the impact of trade liberalization on regional wage level, the impact of trade liberalization on the wage level of the industry, the impact of trade liberalization on the wage level, and the effect of trade liberalization on enterprises in the wage inequality. The study area and the industry level is to test the macro effect of trade liberalization, and the research of enterprise level is mainly analysis of enterprise micro reaction in the context of free trade. In the first three practical problems, this paper examines the impact of trade liberalization on average labor force, fourth an empirical analysis of the problem is trade liberalization on different types of labor skills.
The main work completed in this paper and the main conclusions are as follows:
First, in the construction of regional trade barriers index accords with the theoretical model, this paper found that the products and inputs of trade liberalization brings up regional wage level, but the goods trade liberalization investment is more significant. The estimation of fixed effects preference results in this paper, the regional product trade barriers every drop 1%, regional wages rose about 1.5%, regional inputs trade barriers decreased by 1% each, regional wage levels rise about further 4.2%. regression results show that the decline in trade barriers significantly enhance the regional minimum wage level enterprises, which shows that trade liberalization is by improving the enterprise survival threshold way to enhance the regional wage level.
Second, trade liberalization significantly enhance the industry wage level. Similarly, goods trade liberalization investment effect is more significant. The benchmark regression results and robustness analysis shows that the industry product tariff every 1% decline, industry wages rose about 0.2%; industry investment tariffs every 1% decline in industry wages rise at about 1%-2%. The effect of trade liberalization on the wage level of the industry is that it leads to the survival of enterprises within the industry to raise the threshold, and this will be reflected in the wage level threshold corresponding to the promotion of enterprise survival, the minimum wage level of enterprises in the industry as explanatory variables, the industry tariff regression, the conclusions support the above that compared with finished goods tariffs, tariff decline inputs on the wage minimum enterprise in the industry is more significant, which explains the input tariffs on line A greater cause of the wage level of the industry.
Third, trade liberalization on the wage level effect compared to macro level weak. Using the full sample, the results show that the estimation of fixed effects decrease product tariff and tariff inputs can significantly enhance the enterprise wage level, finished goods tariffs and tariff inputs every 1% decline, the wage level increased about 0.1% and 0.2%, the difference estimation method, no change of finished goods tariffs, and inputs the effect of a tariff increase of 0.4%; the use of balanced panel data not found that trade liberalization has significant effect on the wage level. The results show that the increase of the effect of screening macro level wages more a large extent from trade liberalization from the side, inefficient companies withdrew due to losses, the release of labor flow to pay high enterprise high wages.
Fourth, trade liberalization significantly improves the enterprise wage inequality. The enterprise imported inputs to the internal behavior of ordinary employees the highest minimum wage ratio increasing by about 50%; the general manager and the middle manager's salary of about 30% higher than that of middle managers and ordinary employees; wage ratio increased by about 12%-20%. further research shows to participate in the free trade, the demand for high skilled labor is higher, more inclined to use the performance salary, are more likely to be spending on research and development, tend to provide training opportunities, use the computer more, these factors have led to rising wage inequality in the enterprise.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：F752;F249.24

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