【摘要】：本研究依據(jù)土壤學、第四紀地質學和考古學等理論方法,在仰韶村遺址內分別選取一個受到古人類活動干擾的土壤剖面(簡稱文化剖面)和一個未受到古人類活動干擾的土壤剖面(簡稱自然剖面),同時采集古人類不同功能區(qū)遺跡(地基、飲食、甕棺、陶窯)土壤樣品。通過觀察土壤的剖面形態(tài)和侵入體,并進行土壤理化性質、微形態(tài)、植硅體、孢粉和炭屑分析,獲取遺址土壤特征。基于遺址特征,開展了古人類活動對土壤發(fā)育的影響、遺址土壤的系統(tǒng)分類歸屬、土壤文化遺產功能評價和古環(huán)境演變研究。具體簡要研究結果如下:(1)土壤在古人類活動影響下,存在豐富的灰坑、陶片、石器和遺骸等侵入體;顏色特征值低;χlf高,χfd偏低;顆粒組成中砂粒含量高,顆粒組成參數(shù)中平均粒徑較大;游離鐵和游離度降低;Al2O3和Fe2O3含量相對較少,CaO和P含量相對較多;黏土礦物類型相對單一,高嶺石含量較高;制陶區(qū)土壤微形態(tài)顯示部分石英和黏土礦物玻璃化、飲食區(qū)土壤微形態(tài)中存在大量有機廢物或炭屑;容重偏小;禾本科Gramineae、藜科Artemisia花粉含量豐富,鑒定出馴化粟、黍和水稻糧食作物植硅體;炭屑含量高,指示古人類用火;有機碳同位素值偏正,指示古人類活動相關植物主要為C4類。(2)古人類居住、用火、制陶等活動基本阻礙了土壤發(fā)育,而墓葬促進了土壤發(fā)育。用火雖然對本層土壤發(fā)育有一定阻礙作用,但疏松質地便于上層土壤物質遷移,有利于下層土壤發(fā)育。(3)提出3種遺址土壤系統(tǒng)分類歸屬的建議方案,一在人為土土綱中增設技術人為土亞綱,下設緩透技術人為土和遺址技術人為土土類,在緩透技術人為土中下設遺址緩透技術人為土亞類,在遺址技術人為土中下設含磷遺址技術人為土和普通遺址技術人為土亞類。該方案最適宜;二在人為新成土亞綱中增設技術人為新成土土類,下設遺址技術人為新成土亞類;三在擾動人為新成土亞類中增設遺址擾動人為新成土亞類。同時,在土族名稱中體現(xiàn)古人工制品。(4)土壤文化遺產功能評價指標體系分為定性的遺物遺跡和定量的診斷指標兩大類,基于遺物、遺跡和診斷特征的科研價值性排序,建立了評價標準,將遺址區(qū)劃分了6個功能等級區(qū)域,評價結果與古土地利用等級圖較吻合,對每一功能等級區(qū)域提出合理的土地利用建議。(5)以自然剖面的氣候替代指標綜合分析結果為基礎,以文化剖面的氣候替代指標分析結果為輔證,揭示該遺址的古環(huán)境演變。10~6.9k a BP,增溫至穩(wěn)定,產生了仰韶早期文化。6.9~5.6k a BP,氣候出現(xiàn)波動,總體向干旱轉折,人地關系可能出現(xiàn)矛盾。5.6~4k a BP,氣候變?yōu)楦衫?導致仰韶文化的衰落。4k a BP之后,氣候進一步變干冷,出現(xiàn)大洪水事件,該地區(qū)文化逐漸衰落。
[Abstract]:This study is based on the theoretical methods of soil, Quaternary geology and archaeology. In Yangshao village site, one soil section (cultural section) which was interfered by paleo-human activities and one soil section (natural section) not disturbed by paleoanthropological activities were selected, respectively, and the paleo human being was collected at the same time. Functional relic (foundation, Food, urn, pottery kiln) soil samples. The soil characteristics of the site were obtained by observing the profile morphology and intrusive body of the soil, and analyzing the physical and chemical properties, micromorphology, phytolith, sporopollen and charcoal debris of the soil. Based on the characteristics of the site, the effects of paleo-human activities on soil development, the systematic classification and attribution of the site soil, the function evaluation of soil cultural heritage and the evolution of paleoenvironment were studied. The results are as follows: (1) under the influence of paleo-human activities, the soil has abundant intrusions such as ash pits, pottery, stone tools and remains, the color characteristic value is low, 蠂 _ (lf) is high, 蠂 _ (fd) is relatively low, and the content of sand particles in particle composition is high. The average particle size is larger in the particle composition parameters, the content of free iron and free degree decreases relatively less than the content of Al _ 2O _ 3 and Fe _ 2O _ 3, the content of Cao and P is relatively high, the mineral type of clay is relatively single, and the content of kaolinite is relatively high. The micromorphology of soil in the pottery area showed some vitrification of quartz and clay minerals, and there were a lot of organic waste or carbon debris in the microform of soil in the diet area; the bulk density was small; the pollen content of Gramineae, Chenopodiaceae Artemisia was abundant, and the domesticated millet was identified. The high content of carbon debris indicates the use of fire by ancient people; the value of organic carbon isotopes is biased, indicating that the plants associated with paleo-human activities are mainly C4. (2) Paleohuman habitation, the use of fire, pottery and other activities have basically hindered the development of the soil. Tombs promote soil development. Although the use of fire can hinder the development of the soil in this layer, the loose texture is convenient for the material migration of the upper soil, which is beneficial to the development of the lower soil. (3) A proposal for the classification and attribution of the soil system of the three sites is put forward. (1) to add a subclass of artificial soil to the class of artificial soil, to set up a subclass of artificial soil with slow penetration technology, a subclass of artificial soil with a slow penetration technique, and a subclass of artificial soil with a delayed penetration technology, In the artificial soil of the site technology, there are two subgroups of the technical artificial soil containing phosphorus and the common site technology. The scheme is the most suitable; second, the new earth-forming subclass is added to the subclass of artificial neo-forming soil, and the neo-earth-forming subclass is set up under the new earth-forming subclass, and the new earth-forming subcategory is added to the new earth-disturbed subclass. At the same time, the ancient artifacts are embodied in the name of the Tu nationality. (4) the evaluation index system of soil cultural heritage function is divided into two categories: qualitative relics and quantitative diagnostic indicators. The evaluation standard was established and the site area was divided into 6 functional grade areas. The results of evaluation were in good agreement with the ancient land use grade map. Reasonable land use suggestions are put forward for each functional grade area. (5) based on the results of comprehensive analysis of climate substitution index of natural section, the results of climate substitution index analysis of cultural section are used as supplementary evidence. It is revealed that the paleoenvironmental evolution of the site, .100.6.9ka BP, increased temperature to stability, and produced Yangshao's early culture .6.9kBP5.6ka BP.The climate fluctuated and turned to drought in general, and the human-land relationship may have contradictions of .5.6n4ka BPand the climate turned dry and cold. After the decline of Yangshao culture (.4ka BP), the climate became drier and colder, resulting in a flood event, and the culture of the area gradually declined.
【學位授予單位】：中國地質大學(北京)
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K878

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