本文選題：美國 + 國家公園��； 參考：《東北師范大學》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：從19世紀中后期開始,隨著美國西部探險與開發(fā)的不斷深入,壯美的西部荒野景觀逐漸為美國社會所關(guān)注。美國人開始用審美的眼光來看待荒野,發(fā)現(xiàn)荒野之地除了能夠進行森林、礦藏、水利開發(fā),或使之變成宅地、牧場、農(nóng)場之外,還可以將其壯麗的風景保護起來,供人們休閑娛樂之用。于是,為了保護這些“原始”荒野和自然風景,在一批社會精英的推動下,美國掀起了一場聲勢浩大的國家公園運動,黃石、約塞米蒂、冰川等一系列國家公園應運而生。1916年,美國國會通過《國家公園局組織法》,設立國家公園局專門負責國家公園、國家紀念地等自然、文化保護單位的管理,標志著美國國家公園運動開始進入制度化、規(guī)范化、體系化的新時代。到1928年,美國聯(lián)邦政府首任公園局局長史蒂芬·馬瑟卸任時,美國國家公園及其管理體系已經(jīng)基本形成。本文將美國國家公園建設運動置于西部邊疆開發(fā)終結(jié)與荒野價值觀念轉(zhuǎn)變的歷史背景下,著重從國家公園運動的發(fā)展與管理體制構(gòu)建的角度,考察美國早期的國家公園建設及其對生態(tài)環(huán)境和印第安人產(chǎn)生的影響。全文分為引言、正文和結(jié)語三個部分。引言部分介紹了本課題的研究緣起,在評述國內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究成果的基礎上,指出了本文的研究內(nèi)容、研究意義、研究方法以及創(chuàng)新之處與不足。正文部分由四章組成,論述了美國早期的國家公園運動發(fā)展與管理體制構(gòu)建情況。具體內(nèi)容如下:第一章展現(xiàn)了美國國家公園運動興起的歷史背景,并敘述了1916年《國家公園局組織法》通過之前美國國家公園運動的興起與初步發(fā)展情況。19世紀以來,美國工業(yè)化、城市化和西部大開發(fā)的迅速發(fā)展致使西部荒野邊疆逐漸走向終結(jié),美國人開始重新思考人與自然的關(guān)系,萌發(fā)了保護“原始”荒野和自然景觀的意識并付諸實踐。1872年,美國國會通過《黃石公園法》,宣告了美國亦是世界第一個國家公園的誕生,同時也正式拉開了美國國家公園運動的序幕。此后,美國社會不斷嘗試將一些具有特殊風景的荒野之地保護為國家公園,并通過《古跡法》來保護美國的文化遺產(chǎn)。第二章圍繞美國國家公園局的創(chuàng)建為核心,闡述美國國家公園管理組織化和制度化的歷史過程。隨著國家公園的陸續(xù)建立,美國國家公園管理面臨諸多問題和挑戰(zhàn)。在內(nèi)政部,國家公園事務備受冷落,幾乎無人問津。由于嚴重缺乏財政支持、明確的公園管理政策以及管理力量的情況下,已經(jīng)設立的各個國家公園無一例外地遭遇到了自然資源和環(huán)境破壞問題。此外,水利、采礦、放牧等功利主義集團也對國家公園頻頻產(chǎn)生威脅。在這樣的背景下,美國一些聯(lián)邦政府官員、民間保護主義者等有志之士開始意識到,必須設立一個專門負責國家公園事務的聯(lián)邦行政機構(gòu)來改進國家公園管理模式。于是,在他們的推動下,美國很快掀起了一場創(chuàng)建國家公園局的運動,并最終獲得成功。“萊恩來信”確立了公園局的管理原則和方向,標志著美國國家公園管理政策的確立。第三章主要闡述公園局主導下的美國國家公園建設及其對生態(tài)環(huán)境的影響。國家公園局建立后,公園局在局長史蒂芬·馬瑟和副局長霍雷斯·奧爾布賴特的領(lǐng)導下,極力推動國家公園運動在美國西部和東部的擴張,并逐步將歸屬于農(nóng)業(yè)部、陸軍部的國家紀念地、軍事公園、戰(zhàn)場等納入公園局的管轄范圍,最終促使美國國家公園體系的形成。在具體的管理實踐中,公園局一邊通過與功利主義勢力作斗爭、保護森林資源和野生動物等手段,嘗試將國家公園保護在“完好無損”的狀態(tài),同時又通過旅游開發(fā),吸引源源不斷的游客進入國家公園之中,由此給國家公園的荒野保護帶來了諸多影響。第四章以黃石公園為主要研究對象,闡述美國國家公園建設對印第安人生活和權(quán)利產(chǎn)生的影響。國家公園土地是千百年來印第安人繁衍生息的家園,而非美國社會精英眼中的“無人定居的荒野”,美國早期的國家公園大都建構(gòu)在印第安人的家園之上。國家公園建立后,為了保護公園中的“原始荒野”并讓國人欣賞,國家公園確立了保護自然資源和發(fā)展旅游業(yè)的管理目標。然而,印第安人傳統(tǒng)權(quán)利的延續(xù)對國家公園管理產(chǎn)生了強烈沖擊,于是被當作公園破壞者而遭到驅(qū)逐。此后,為了迎合游客將國家公園視為邊疆荒野的想象,印第安人被公園管理者和旅游開發(fā)商塑造成了重要的旅游吸引物,從而促成了作為表演者的印第安人在國家公園中的回歸。黃石印第安人的遭遇正是美國早期國家公園運動中印第安人命運變遷的一個縮影。結(jié)語部分在歸納全文核心內(nèi)容的基礎上,簡要描述了美國國家公園運動興起的意義及其對世界國家公園運動發(fā)展的歷史貢獻,并對其管理的歷史經(jīng)驗進行了總結(jié)。
[Abstract]:Since the mid and late nineteenth Century, with the deepening of western exploration and development in the United States, the magnificent western wilderness landscape has gradually become a concern for American society. Americans begin to look at the wilderness with an aesthetic eye, and find that the wilderness is not only able to carry out forest, mineral, water development, or make it a homestead, pasture, and farm. In order to protect these "primitive" wilderness and natural landscapes, in order to protect these "primitive" wilderness and natural landscapes, a series of national parks, such as Huangshi, Yosemite and glaciers, came into being in the United States by the United States Congress, in order to protect these "primitive" wilderness and natural landscapes. "National Park bureau organization law", the establishment of the National Park bureau is specially responsible for national parks, national memorial places and other natural, cultural protection units, marking the United States National Park movement began to enter the institutionalized, standardized, systematic new era. By 1928, the United States federal government first park director Stephen Mather left office, the United States The family park and its management system have been basically formed. In this paper, the National Park Construction Movement in the United States is placed in the historical background of the end of the western frontier development and the transformation of the wilderness values. From the point of view of the development of the National Park Movement and the construction of the management system, the construction of the National Park in the early United States and its ecological environment and printing are investigated. The full text is divided into three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The introduction introduces the origin of the research, and points out the content, significance, method and innovation of this article on the basis of reviewing the relevant research results both at home and abroad. The text is composed of four chapters, and discusses the early United States. The development of national park movement and the construction of management system. The first chapter shows the historical background of the rise of the National Park Movement in the United States and describes the industrialization, urbanization and the west of the United States since the 1916, the rise and initial development of the National Park Movement in the United States before the adoption of the National Park organization law in the.19 century. The rapid development of the great development led to the end of the western wilderness. Americans began to rethink the relationship between human and nature, sprouted the consciousness of protecting the "primitive" wilderness and natural landscape and put it into practice for.1872 years. The United States Congress declared the birth of the United States and the world's first national park through the Yellowstone National Park law. Since then, the American National Park movement has been officially opened. Since then, American society has tried to protect the wild land with special landscapes into national parks and protect American cultural heritage through the ancient monuments law. The second chapter, focusing on the creation of the National Park Bureau, expounds the organization and system of the management of national parks in the United States. With the establishment of national parks, the management of national parks in the United States faces many problems and challenges. In the Ministry of the interior, National Park affairs are getting cold and almost unwanted. There is no one in every national park that has been set up because of the serious lack of financial support, the clear policy of management of the park and the management of the park. In addition, utilitarian groups, such as water conservancy, mining, and grazing, have also threatened national parks. In this context, some federal officials, civil protectionists and other people in the United States have begun to realize that a union of national parks must be set up. The state park management model was improved by the State Administration. Thus, under their impetus, the United States quickly set off a movement to create the National Park Bureau and finally succeeded. "Ryan letter" established the management principles and direction of the park Bureau, marked the establishment of the National Park Management Policy in the United States. The third chapter mainly expounded the park Bureau. Led by the national park construction and its impact on the ecological environment, the park Bureau, under the leadership of Stephen Mather and deputy director Horace Albright, promoted the expansion of National Park Movement in the West and east of the United States and will be assigned to the Ministry of agriculture and the National Memorial of the Army Department. Land, military parks, and battlefields are incorporated into the jurisdiction of the park Bureau, which eventually leads to the formation of the National Park System in the United States. In specific management practices, the park has tried to protect the National Park in a "intact" state by fighting the utilitarian forces and protecting the forest resources and wildlife. Tourism development, attracting a steady stream of tourists into the National Park, has brought many effects on the protection of the wilderness of the National Park. The fourth chapter, taking Yellowstone National Park as the main research object, expounds the influence of the construction of the National Park on the life and rights of the Indians. Home, not the "unsettled wilderness" in the eyes of the American social elite, the early American national parks are mostly built on the homeland of the Indians. After the establishment of the National Park, the National Park has established the management goal of protecting natural resources and developing tourism in order to protect the "primitive wilderness" in the park and to let the people appreciate it. The continuation of the traditional Indian rights, however, had a strong impact on national park management, and was expelled as a park saboteurs. In order to cater for tourists to think of the National Park as a frontier wilderness, the Indians were shaped by park managers and tourist developers as an important tourist attraction. The return of the Indians as performers in the National Park. The encounter of Huangshi Indians is the epitome of the fate of the Indians in the early American National Park movement. The conclusion of the conclusion is based on the summary of the core content of the full text, and briefly describes the significance of the rise of American National Park Movement and its effect on the world national park. The historical contribution of sports development and the historical experience of its management are summarized.
【學位授予單位】：東北師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K712
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本文編號：1952123