長(zhǎng)白山地東北虎獵物恢復(fù)—梅花鹿重引入適應(yīng)性研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-12 19:24
【摘要】：獵物不足是威脅中國野生東北虎生存和恢復(fù)的主要限制因素之一。鑒于在中國東北的野生東北虎分布區(qū)內(nèi),其主要獵物梅花鹿密度極低,不足0.1只/km2,該項(xiàng)目采用獵物重引入的方式幫助梅花鹿在野外建立穩(wěn)定的基礎(chǔ)種群。2012-2013年,作者在吉林省汪清國家級(jí)自然保護(hù)區(qū),重引入人工飼養(yǎng)梅花鹿63只,置于建立在野外的過渡場(chǎng)內(nèi)馴化1個(gè)月,而后就地釋放。2012年6月到8月,以及2013年6月到8月,項(xiàng)目通過對(duì)重引入梅花鹿種群的監(jiān)測(cè),進(jìn)行了其在重引入初期的適應(yīng)性研究,以對(duì)未來在東北虎棲息地開展獵物重引入計(jì)劃,及其它鹿類的重引入計(jì)劃提供基礎(chǔ)信息和技術(shù)指導(dǎo)。其研究主要結(jié)論如下：1、利用糞便分析法,對(duì)重引入梅花鹿在過渡場(chǎng)期間的食物組成變化進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)其采食的主要植物12科31屬,其中柳屬、楊屬、櫟屬、樺木屬和蒿屬為其主要食物,占總采食量的46.48%。而重引入梅花鹿在過渡場(chǎng)的最初5天,食物組成與野外植物的可獲得相關(guān)性高,而后經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間的波動(dòng),最終在10天后,形成穩(wěn)定的食物選擇。將其穩(wěn)定期的食物組成與當(dāng)?shù)赝谝吧坊沟氖澄锝M成相比較,結(jié)果顯示總體差異不顯著。2、提取測(cè)定重引入梅花鹿糞便中皮質(zhì)醇激素的含量,結(jié)果顯示重引入梅花鹿種群到達(dá)過渡場(chǎng)的最初10天,其糞便中皮質(zhì)醇含量較高且不穩(wěn)定(588.3±93.4)ng/g,表明其應(yīng)激反應(yīng)強(qiáng)烈。然而,其含量整體呈下降趨勢(shì),10天后其含量逐漸平穩(wěn)在約355.10±63.1 ng/g。將其與當(dāng)?shù)赝谝吧坊贡容^,同期糞便中的皮質(zhì)醇含量相似。本研究沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)10日內(nèi)因應(yīng)激反應(yīng)而產(chǎn)生的梅花鹿由于健康問題或死亡,因此認(rèn)為,種群在非捕食動(dòng)物刺激的情況下,在10日之內(nèi)將重引入梅花鹿的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)消除是可靠的。3、從行為學(xué)角度,利用瞬間掃描法來研究重引入梅花鹿在過渡場(chǎng)期間的行為變化,結(jié)果顯示在其到達(dá)過渡場(chǎng)最初10日內(nèi),其行為時(shí)間分配波動(dòng)較大,存在一定的日活動(dòng)節(jié)律,但并不穩(wěn)定。而在到達(dá)過渡場(chǎng)10天后,逐步形成穩(wěn)定的時(shí)間分配和日活動(dòng)節(jié)律。其穩(wěn)定后,日活動(dòng)節(jié)律基本與野生梅花鹿相似。值得注意的是,重引入梅花鹿到達(dá)過渡場(chǎng)前10天,采食行為所占比例很低,而觀望行為的比例很高,這也是高應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的一個(gè)表現(xiàn)。而后,即使在采食逐漸增多的第5天左右,其觀望行為的比例仍然很高,而反芻行為所占比例卻較低,這個(gè)階段對(duì)于鹿群的適應(yīng)是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵時(shí)間,在應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的影響下,反芻受到波動(dòng)而采食開始逐漸增多,如果沒有及時(shí)消除應(yīng)激反應(yīng),很有可能對(duì)梅花鹿的代謝產(chǎn)生影響,甚至出現(xiàn)健康問題。4、在過渡場(chǎng)馴化1個(gè)月后,重引入梅花鹿就地釋放。項(xiàng)目利用無線電項(xiàng)圈對(duì)其跟蹤監(jiān)測(cè),并對(duì)其釋放后的生境選擇進(jìn)行研究。同時(shí),輔助利用自動(dòng)相機(jī)對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)匾吧坊沟纳尺x擇進(jìn)行研究。結(jié)果顯示釋放后的重引入梅花鹿偏愛選擇位于坡度小于25°,灌木密度小而喬木密度適中的區(qū)域,同時(shí)其對(duì)水源依賴,會(huì)傾向選擇距離水源較近(500m)的生境。其與同域分布的梅花鹿存在一定的一致性,如兩者均傾向于選擇坡度較小的區(qū)域,均傾向于選擇喬木密度較適中的區(qū)域。然而,野生梅花鹿在生境選擇上更注重回避捕食,如傾向于選擇上坡位,距離隱蔽較近的地方活動(dòng),以及遠(yuǎn)離人為干擾區(qū)域。此外,主成分分析的結(jié)果顯示對(duì)于重引入梅花鹿,其絕對(duì)值較大的權(quán)系數(shù)出現(xiàn)在坡度、坡位、距水源距離和郁閉度上,說明在重引入地的選擇上,以上生境因子應(yīng)優(yōu)先考慮。5、總的來講,重引入的梅花鹿在采食、應(yīng)激和行為上的適應(yīng),都會(huì)在最初的10天完成,表現(xiàn)為初期的波動(dòng)和逐漸穩(wěn)定、適應(yīng)的規(guī)律。因此,在管理方面,更嚴(yán)格的監(jiān)測(cè)和可能需要的人工干預(yù)都會(huì)出現(xiàn)在這個(gè)階段,應(yīng)安排相應(yīng)的人力和做好準(zhǔn)備工作。而對(duì)于釋放后的梅花鹿群,其與野生梅花鹿群仍存在一定的差異,特別是在回避捕食上,釋放后管理人員應(yīng)該盡可能地促進(jìn)重引入的梅花鹿與野生梅花鹿盡早合群,以使其更快完成生境選擇上的適應(yīng)過程。
[Abstract]:Inadequate prey is one of the major constraints threatening the survival and recovery of wild Siberian tigers in northeastern China. In view of the extremely low density of its main prey, less than 0.1 Sika Deer per km2, the project uses prey reintroduction to help Sika Deer establish a stable base population in the wild. In 2012-2013, the project was conducted. In Wangqing National Nature Reserve of Jilin Province, 63 sika deer were reintroduced and domesticated in a transitional field for one month, then released in situ. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. The food composition of reintroduced sika deer during the transitional period was studied by fecal analysis method, and 12 families and 31 genera of the main plants were found, including willow. Genus Populus, Quercus, Betula and Artemisia are the main food intake, accounting for 46.48% of the total food intake. However, the food composition of the reintroduced sika deer has a high correlation with the availability of wild plants in the first 5 days of the transitional field. After a period of fluctuation, a stable food selection will be formed after 10 days. Comparing the food composition of Wild Sika Deer in the same period, the results showed that the total difference was not significant. 2. Extraction and determination of cortisol hormone in feces of reintroduced Sika Deer showed that the content of cortisol in feces of reintroduced sika deer was high and unstable (588.3 65 However, the content of cortisol in the feces of Sika Deer decreased as a whole, and gradually stabilized at about 355.10 (+ 63.1 ng / g) after 10 days. Compared with the local Wild Sika deer, the content of cortisol in the feces of sika deer during the same period was similar. It is reliable to eliminate the stress response of reintroduced sika deer in 10 days under the stimulation of predators. 3 From the behavioral point of view, the behavior changes of reintroduced sika deer during the transitional field were studied by using the instantaneous scanning method. The results showed that the behavior time distribution fluctuated greatly within the first 10 days of reaching the transitional field. The daily activity rhythm is basically similar to that of Wild Sika deer. It is noteworthy that the proportion of feeding behavior is very low and the proportion of wait-and-see behavior is very high 10 days before reintroducing sika deer to the transitional field. After that, even on the fifth day or so of increasing feeding, the proportion of wait-and-see behavior is still very high, while the proportion of rumination behavior is relatively low. This stage is a critical time for the adaptation of deer herds. Under the influence of stress response, rumination is fluctuating and feeding begins to increase gradually. If the stress response is not eliminated in time, it may affect the metabolism of sika deer and even cause health problems. 4. After one month of domestication in the transitional field, the sika deer are reintroduced and released in situ. Habitat selection of reintroduced sika deer was studied. The results showed that the reintroduced Sika Deer preferred to locate in the area with slope less than 25 degrees, small shrub density and moderate tree density. However, Wild Sika deer are more likely to avoid predation in habitat selection, such as uphill position, activities close to concealment, and areas far from human disturbance. Sika deer, whose absolute value of the greater weight coefficients appear in slope, slope position, distance from water source and canopy density, indicating that the selection of reintroduced land, the above habitat factors should be given priority to. 5. Generally speaking, reintroduced sika deer in feeding, stress and behavior adaptation, will be completed in the first 10 days, showing the initial fluctuations and gradual. Therefore, in terms of management, stricter monitoring and possible human intervention will occur at this stage, and corresponding manpower and preparatory work should be arranged. However, there are still some differences between the released sika deer herd and the Wild Sika Deer herd, especially in avoiding predation. As far as possible, the reintroduced sika deer and Wild Sika deer should be encouraged to group together as soon as possible so that they can complete the adaptation process of habitat selection more quickly.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北林業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：Q958
本文編號(hào)：2180106
[Abstract]:Inadequate prey is one of the major constraints threatening the survival and recovery of wild Siberian tigers in northeastern China. In view of the extremely low density of its main prey, less than 0.1 Sika Deer per km2, the project uses prey reintroduction to help Sika Deer establish a stable base population in the wild. In 2012-2013, the project was conducted. In Wangqing National Nature Reserve of Jilin Province, 63 sika deer were reintroduced and domesticated in a transitional field for one month, then released in situ. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. The food composition of reintroduced sika deer during the transitional period was studied by fecal analysis method, and 12 families and 31 genera of the main plants were found, including willow. Genus Populus, Quercus, Betula and Artemisia are the main food intake, accounting for 46.48% of the total food intake. However, the food composition of the reintroduced sika deer has a high correlation with the availability of wild plants in the first 5 days of the transitional field. After a period of fluctuation, a stable food selection will be formed after 10 days. Comparing the food composition of Wild Sika Deer in the same period, the results showed that the total difference was not significant. 2. Extraction and determination of cortisol hormone in feces of reintroduced Sika Deer showed that the content of cortisol in feces of reintroduced sika deer was high and unstable (588.3 65 However, the content of cortisol in the feces of Sika Deer decreased as a whole, and gradually stabilized at about 355.10 (+ 63.1 ng / g) after 10 days. Compared with the local Wild Sika deer, the content of cortisol in the feces of sika deer during the same period was similar. It is reliable to eliminate the stress response of reintroduced sika deer in 10 days under the stimulation of predators. 3 From the behavioral point of view, the behavior changes of reintroduced sika deer during the transitional field were studied by using the instantaneous scanning method. The results showed that the behavior time distribution fluctuated greatly within the first 10 days of reaching the transitional field. The daily activity rhythm is basically similar to that of Wild Sika deer. It is noteworthy that the proportion of feeding behavior is very low and the proportion of wait-and-see behavior is very high 10 days before reintroducing sika deer to the transitional field. After that, even on the fifth day or so of increasing feeding, the proportion of wait-and-see behavior is still very high, while the proportion of rumination behavior is relatively low. This stage is a critical time for the adaptation of deer herds. Under the influence of stress response, rumination is fluctuating and feeding begins to increase gradually. If the stress response is not eliminated in time, it may affect the metabolism of sika deer and even cause health problems. 4. After one month of domestication in the transitional field, the sika deer are reintroduced and released in situ. Habitat selection of reintroduced sika deer was studied. The results showed that the reintroduced Sika Deer preferred to locate in the area with slope less than 25 degrees, small shrub density and moderate tree density. However, Wild Sika deer are more likely to avoid predation in habitat selection, such as uphill position, activities close to concealment, and areas far from human disturbance. Sika deer, whose absolute value of the greater weight coefficients appear in slope, slope position, distance from water source and canopy density, indicating that the selection of reintroduced land, the above habitat factors should be given priority to. 5. Generally speaking, reintroduced sika deer in feeding, stress and behavior adaptation, will be completed in the first 10 days, showing the initial fluctuations and gradual. Therefore, in terms of management, stricter monitoring and possible human intervention will occur at this stage, and corresponding manpower and preparatory work should be arranged. However, there are still some differences between the released sika deer herd and the Wild Sika Deer herd, especially in avoiding predation. As far as possible, the reintroduced sika deer and Wild Sika deer should be encouraged to group together as soon as possible so that they can complete the adaptation process of habitat selection more quickly.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北林業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：Q958
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