本文關(guān)鍵詞：美國荒野保護(hù)觀的生態(tài)哲學(xué)研究　出處：《蘇州科技大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

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【摘要】：在人與自然矛盾日漸突出的今天,生態(tài)問題成為了當(dāng)代國際學(xué)術(shù)研究的重要話題。而美國作為當(dāng)今的超級大國,在環(huán)境問題上的理念與政策走向一直備受關(guān)注。自19世紀(jì)起,美國的環(huán)境保護(hù)主義者們便開始反思人與自然的關(guān)系。由于美國獨(dú)特的地理環(huán)境,荒野日益成為了美國開發(fā)與環(huán)境保護(hù)爭論的焦點(diǎn),由此美國荒野保護(hù)理念及其實踐成為了美國發(fā)展和環(huán)境保護(hù)歷史進(jìn)程中較為重要的議題之一。論文從生態(tài)哲學(xué)角度出發(fā),通過對相關(guān)著作和政策文獻(xiàn)的深層挖掘,對美國荒野保護(hù)觀進(jìn)行了較為系統(tǒng)的梳理概括和解讀。緒論主要介紹了美國荒野保護(hù)觀的研究背景、研究意義以及相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)綜述。第一章主要對美國荒野保護(hù)觀做了歷史的考察,分析了荒野保護(hù)觀產(chǎn)生的背景及其興起與發(fā)展。19世紀(jì)末到20世紀(jì)初是美國荒野保護(hù)觀誕生的時期,在此之前,美國正經(jīng)歷著工業(yè)化和城市化的快速發(fā)展,由農(nóng)業(yè)國向工業(yè)國轉(zhuǎn)變,對資源環(huán)境的破壞隨之日益嚴(yán)重。美國在文化上崇尚自由民主并渴望尋找與歐洲不同的文化根基,同時,隨著生態(tài)學(xué)、進(jìn)化論等自然科學(xué)的誕生,人們對自然的認(rèn)識有所改觀。在此時代背景下,浪漫主義最先關(guān)注荒野,并且展開了浪漫主義的荒野保護(hù)運(yùn)動。然而,此時并沒有從哲學(xué)層面展開深層研究,直到超驗主義的代表梭羅提出了基于超驗主義的荒野保護(hù)觀,才將荒野保護(hù)提升到了哲學(xué)層面加以思考。美國荒野保護(hù)觀便在荒野保護(hù)運(yùn)動的推動下孕育產(chǎn)生,其發(fā)展過程也充滿爭議。所以,荒野保護(hù)者們不斷地修正荒野保護(hù)觀,試圖讓其符合時代進(jìn)步所需。第二章主要介紹了美國荒野保護(hù)觀的流派及內(nèi)容。在學(xué)界,對美國荒野保護(hù)觀并沒有流派的分類,筆者根據(jù)各流派的思想特征對其進(jìn)行嘗試性分類,依據(jù)人類中心主義與非人類中心主義對荒野保護(hù)的出發(fā)點(diǎn)和落腳點(diǎn)的不同,將從生態(tài)哲學(xué)角度美國主要的荒野保護(hù)觀分為四大類,即基于超驗主義的荒野保護(hù)觀、弱人類中心主義的荒野保護(hù)觀、自然保護(hù)主義的荒野保護(hù)觀以及生態(tài)整體主義的荒野保護(hù)觀,并分別對其內(nèi)容展開了較為深入的分析。第三章主要闡述了美國荒野保護(hù)觀的共識與爭論。在美國荒野保護(hù)觀中,不管是人類中心主義還是非人類中心主義,兩者都在荒野價值和荒野保護(hù)的必要性上是認(rèn)同的。除了學(xué)術(shù)共識以外,主要爭論有關(guān)于荒野保護(hù)的具體方式之爭、模式之爭、公平之爭以及本質(zhì)之爭。在美國荒野保護(hù)觀影響不斷擴(kuò)大的同時,爭議也隨之?dāng)U大,從本國內(nèi)部的公平問題擴(kuò)大到與第三世界的公平問題,不僅有生態(tài)整體主義的內(nèi)部爭論也有人類中心主義與非人類中心主義的爭論。雖然爭論頻發(fā),但是也推動了荒野保護(hù)觀的進(jìn)步與發(fā)展。第四章主要分析了美國荒野保護(hù)觀的影響及對我國的啟示。美國荒野保護(hù)觀對本土和國際均產(chǎn)生了較大的影響。國家公園制度的建立、相關(guān)法案的完善以及民間環(huán)境組織的發(fā)展都與美國荒野保護(hù)觀的推動相關(guān)。如今全球建立了上千個國家公園,各國對荒野保護(hù)均有所關(guān)注,這些成果與美國荒野保護(hù)觀密不可分。于我國而言,美國荒野保護(hù)觀產(chǎn)生發(fā)展的歷史時期與我國當(dāng)前有相似之處,所以對我國當(dāng)前生態(tài)文明建設(shè)有積極的啟示意義。在城市化進(jìn)程中美國荒野保護(hù)觀和荒野保護(hù)立法等對策舉措以及期間產(chǎn)生的生態(tài)哲學(xué)理念方面,對我國的生態(tài)哲學(xué)的發(fā)展與荒野保護(hù)決策與實踐均有參考價值。目前,生態(tài)問題是我國關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn),荒野保護(hù)不僅隨著生態(tài)哲學(xué)的研究而突顯學(xué)界研究的前沿領(lǐng)域,而且也正在越來越多地進(jìn)入國家和地方政府生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的戰(zhàn)略決策與公眾生態(tài)環(huán)保實踐之中。自2008年我國第一個國家公園于黑龍江建成,國家公園制度隨之成為我國荒野保護(hù)的方式之一。當(dāng)然,我國依然處于發(fā)展中國家,所以環(huán)境保護(hù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展并重更適用于我國國情。環(huán)境問題不是一天能夠解決的,我國荒野保護(hù)的研究與實踐依然任重而道遠(yuǎn)。
[Abstract]:The contradiction between man and nature has become increasingly prominent today, the ecological problem has become an important research topic in contemporary international academic. And the United States as the superpower, ideas and policies on environmental issues have been of concern. Since nineteenth Century, environmentalists in the United States have started to rethink the relationship between man and nature as. The unique geographical environment, has become the American wilderness development and environmental protection in the focus of the debate, the American wilderness protection theory and practice has become one of the most important problems on the development and environmental protection in the course of history. From the perspective of ecological philosophy, through the deep excavation works and related policy documents, are discussed the summary and interpretation of the American wilderness. The introduction mainly introduces the research background of American wilderness protection concept, significance and related documents Literature review. The first chapter of the American wilderness protection concept of history study, analysis of the wilderness concept background and the rise and development of.19 at the end of the century to the beginning of twentieth Century is the period of American wilderness protection concept was born before the United States is experiencing rapid development of industrialization and city, changing from an agricultural country to in industrial countries, damaging the environment and resources will become increasingly serious. In American culture advocating democracy and freedom and the desire to find the cultural foundation, unlike in Europe at the same time, with the birth of ecology, evolution and natural science, people have improved understanding of nature. Under this background, the first concern of romantic wilderness, and the conservation movement of romanticism. However, as there is no in-depth research from the angle of philosophy, until Transcendentalism proposed Thoreau wilderness based on Transcendentalism View, will the wilderness to philosophical thinking. In view of the American wilderness protection to promote the conservation movement produced, its development process is also controversial. Therefore, wilderness activists constantly revised wilderness concept, trying to make it accord with the progress of the times required. The second chapter mainly introduces the genre and the content of American wilderness protection concept. In academic circles, and no genre classification of American wilderness protection concept, according to the characteristics of various schools of thought on the tentative classification, on the basis of anthropocentrism and non anthropocentrism of wilderness protection of the starting point and end point, the United States mainly from the perspective of ecological philosophy. The wilderness view is divided into four categories, namely wilderness Transcendentalism based on concept of wilderness weak anthropocentric, wilderness natural protection and ecological holism concept The concept of wilderness, and each of its content and launched a more in-depth analysis. The third chapter mainly elaborates the concept of American wilderness consensus and debate. In the United States wilderness view, regardless of anthropocentrism and non anthropocentrism, both the necessity and value in the wilderness wilderness protection is recognized in addition to the academic consensus. Besides, there are specific ways of wilderness protection for the main arguments, mode of dispute, fair dispute and essence of the dispute. In the American wilderness protection effect on expanding at the same time, the dispute also increases, expanding from the internal fairness to fairness and the third world, internal debate. Not only the ecological holism is anthropocentrism and non anthropocentrism debate. Although the debate frequently, but also promote the progress and development of wilderness protection concept. The fourth chapter mainly analyzes the Influence of American wilderness concept and Its Enlightenment to China. The American wilderness protection concept of local and international have great influence. The establishment of the national park system, promote the development of legislation and the perfection of civil environmental organizations and the American wilderness conservation concept. Now the whole ball set up thousands of national park the countries of concern to the wilderness, all these results with the American wilderness protection concept are inseparable. In China, the United States wilderness concept development history and the current period are similar, so the current ecology of China's Ming construction has positive significance. The ecological philosophy in the process of city in the wilderness and wilderness protection legislation and measures during the period of the ecological philosophy in China's development and conservation policy and practice to have reference value. At present, students State issues are the focus of concern in China, not only with the wilderness ecological philosophy research and academic research highlight of the frontier, but also is more and more into the strategic decision-making and public ecological environmental protection practice of ecological civilization construction of state and local government. Since 2008, China's first National Park in Heilongjiang built national park the system will become one of China's wilderness protection way. Of course, China is still in the developing countries, so the environmental protection and economic development is more suitable to the situation of our country. The environmental problems is not a day can be solved, the research and practice of our country wilderness protection is still a long way to go.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘇州科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：X2-02

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