【摘要】：秦漢郵驛制度雖承襲自春秋戰(zhàn)國,卻表現(xiàn)出與先秦迥異之特征。春秋戰(zhàn)國,五霸七雄爭戰(zhàn)不斷,情報(bào)、書信往來頻繁,對通訊之時(shí)效性與保密性要求極高,由此各國皆重視郵驛建設(shè)。此階段郵驛制度發(fā)展迅速,卻因分裂割據(jù),彼此規(guī)制不同、名稱繁多。秦朝一統(tǒng)天下,制度整齊劃一,郵驛制度亦然。秦異常強(qiáng)大之政治統(tǒng)攝力與執(zhí)行力,促使形態(tài)完備之郵驛制度通行全國。由此,中央政令得以傳達(dá)至最偏遠(yuǎn)之烽塞邊郡,基層情況亦可及時(shí)上聞。秦漢郵驛形制基本定型,奠定中國千年郵驛制度之基礎(chǔ),以后歷代皆沿用并損益之。首先,秦漢郵驛機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置及其關(guān)系問題。秦漢郵驛機(jī)構(gòu)以郵、傳、驛、置、亭五種為主,按其規(guī)模與功能可分為三類,郵為一,傳、驛、置為一,亭為一；按其行書路線可分為二,郵、亭為一,傳、驛、置為一。傳、驛與置,一般設(shè)于縣,三十里一設(shè),主要用車馬傳遞,規(guī)模較郵、亭為大。亭一般設(shè)于鄉(xiāng),僅有部分亭負(fù)責(zé)郵驛之事。兩漢前后四百余年,郵驛機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置及其功能并非一成不變。“漢改郵為置”,置為置傳驛之所,置與郵之關(guān)系、置于秦漢郵驛系統(tǒng)之地位及其發(fā)展脈絡(luò)仍需進(jìn)一步探討。其次,秦漢郵驛傳送方式及其相關(guān)問題。據(jù)本文研究,“以郵行”、“以亭行”、“以郵亭行”、“以次行”、“以次傳”、“以次傳行”、“以縣次傳”、“以道次傳”、“燧次行”、“亭次行”等多種傳送方式,終可歸結(jié)為兩種形式：“以郵行”與“以次傳”�！耙脏]行”與“以亭行”、“以郵亭行”方式相類,而“以次行”、“以次傳”、“以縣次傳”、“以道次傳”、“燧次行”、“亭次行”等方式一致。“以郵行”之傳遞方式為：依照一定次序進(jìn)行,經(jīng)過專門機(jī)構(gòu)“郵”,由專職人員“郵人”傳送�！耙源蝹鳌敝畟鬟f方式為：依照一定次序于縣、道、燧、亭中按順序依次傳閱,中間所經(jīng)各地均需認(rèn)真查閱文書內(nèi)容,查閱完后及時(shí)發(fā)往下一目的地。另外,按傳遞工具可將傳送方式分為步遞、車遞、馬遞及船遞四種。步遞較慢,負(fù)責(zé)短距離傳送。車遞與馬遞適合遠(yuǎn)距離傳送。船遞多見于濱河濱溪處,常水路、陸路并用。再次,郵驛人員及郵驛管理措施諸問題。郵驛管理人員分中央、郡縣、亭置諸層次加以討論。郵驛程限具有地區(qū)性差異,且與所用交通工具相關(guān),但對郵人之考核皆異常嚴(yán)苛,“不中程”、“失期”等皆需受罰。郵人地位低下,常需夜以繼日遞送文書,郵人職責(zé)主要為保證郵書遞送之時(shí)效性、完整性與安全性。封檢題署、郵書剌、“寄去”“以來”記錄皆為郵書核驗(yàn)之關(guān)鍵性措施。秦漢郵驛諸機(jī)構(gòu)相互協(xié)作,傳遞方式多樣,各級管理人員分工明確,對郵書遞送過程之不同環(huán)節(jié)施以監(jiān)督檢查,以程限對郵人加以考核,促使秦漢郵驛高效平穩(wěn)運(yùn)作。
[Abstract]:Although the post system of Qin and Han dynasties was inherited from the Spring and Autumn period and warring States period, it was different from the pre-Qin Dynasty. In the Spring and Autumn period and warring States, the five tyrants and seven heroes were constantly fighting, the information and correspondence were frequent, and the requirements of timeliness and confidentiality of communication were very high, so all countries attached importance to the construction of postal post. At this stage the post-post system developed rapidly, but because of division, different rules and various names. Qin Dynasty dominates the world, the system is uniform, postal post system is the same. Qin's unusually strong political control and executive power prompted the well-formed postal post system to pass through the country. As a result, the central government order can be transmitted to the most remote county, the grass-roots situation can be heard in a timely manner. The postal post system of Qin and Han dynasties was basically finalized, which laid the foundation of China's millennia post system, which was followed by all the later dynasties. First of all, Qin and Han Dynasty post office setup and its relationship. According to its scale and function, it can be divided into three categories: one for mail, one for post, and one for kiosk; according to its line of writing, mail, pavilion is one, transmission, post, set as one. Pass, post and set, generally located in the county, 30 li a set, mainly with horses and horses transfer, larger than postal, kiosk. Kiosks are generally located in rural areas, only part of the booth is responsible for post-post affairs. For more than 400 years before and after the Han Dynasty, post-post organization and its functions were not fixed. It is necessary to further explore the status and development of postal post system in Qin and Han dynasties. Secondly, Qin and Han Dynasty post transmission mode and its related issues. According to the research of this paper, there are many transmission modes, such as "mail shop", "kiosk line", "postal kiosk shop", "secondary transmission line", "prefectural transmission", "Taoism preaching", "Suitsui line", "kiosk line" and so on. Finally, it can be summed up in two forms: the post office and the secondary biography. It is similar to "kiosk" and "postal kiosk", while "secondary", "county", "Taoism", "Sui sub-line", "pavilion secondary line" and so on are the same. The mode of delivery is: according to a certain order, through the special agency "mail", by full-time personnel "postal" transmission. The transmission mode of "secondary biography" is: according to a certain order in the county, road, Sui, pavilion in the order of circulation, the middle of all places need to carefully consult the contents of the document, and then send to the next destination. In addition, according to the means of transmission can be divided into four modes of delivery, car delivery, horse delivery and ship delivery. Slow delivery, responsible for short distance transmission. Vehicular delivery and horse delivery are suitable for long distance transmission. Ship delivery more in the riverside stream, often waterways, land use. Thirdly, post-post personnel and post-post management measures. Post-post management personnel are divided into central, county, kiosk to be discussed at all levels. There are regional differences in post travel limits, and they are related to the vehicles used, but the assessment of postmen is extremely strict, "no medium range" and "missing period" are all subject to penalty. The postman's status is low and he often needs to deliver the document day and night. The main duty of the postman is to ensure the timeliness, integrity and security of the mail delivery. The Seal Office, the Postal Office, and the record since "sent" are the key measures for the verification of postal documents. The organizations of Qin and Han Dynasty cooperate with each other and transmit in various ways. The managers at all levels divide the labor clearly, supervise and check the different links in the process of mail delivery, and check the postmen in order to make the postal post run efficiently and smoothly in the Qin and Han dynasties.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：K232

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