耶穌會(huì)士筆下描繪的清代康乾時(shí)期中國(guó)社會(huì)人口狀況——《中國(guó)通典》選譯
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-08 14:19
【摘要】：格魯賢(Abbe Grosier,1743—1823)是繼杜赫德(Du Halde,1674—1743)之后,第二位對(duì)法國(guó)漢學(xué)發(fā)生重大影響的漢學(xué)家。杜氏于1735年發(fā)表的《中華帝國(guó)全志》[Description of the Empire of China and Chinese-tartary,together with Kingdoms of Korea and Tibet;Containing the Geography and History(Natural as well as Civil)of Those Countries]率先全景式地向歐洲人推介有關(guān)中國(guó)的最新知識(shí);格氏于1785年發(fā)表的《中國(guó)通典》(Description genercde de la Chine)既傳承了社赫德作品內(nèi)容,使之于50年后得以內(nèi)容更新,又有其個(gè)人創(chuàng)新:根據(jù)一個(gè)特殊的目錄,他重新組合并提煉了前人的成果,刻意收進(jìn)了由當(dāng)時(shí)仍停留在北京的最后一批耶穌會(huì)士撰寫的《北京耶穌會(huì)士中國(guó)研究文集》(Mémoires concerncmt les sciences et les arts des Chinois)這樣最新到達(dá)歐洲的知識(shí)�！吨袊�(guó)通典》1785年首版獲得極大成功,同一年再版,并被譯成英文和意大利文,隨后多次單獨(dú)發(fā)行,分別于1785、1787和1818—1820年間,有過三個(gè)獨(dú)立法文本;1788年和1789年分別在倫敦和萊比錫推出英譯本和德譯本,英譯本又于1895年再版。由此,社赫德的《中華帝國(guó)全志》和格魯賢的《中國(guó)通典》可稱作法國(guó)18世紀(jì)向歐洲推介中國(guó)的姊妹篇,在西方漢學(xué)領(lǐng)域產(chǎn)生了日月同輝的影響。在法國(guó),它們不僅為法國(guó)漢學(xué)的發(fā)生與發(fā)展提供了豐富的素村、廣泛的題村、無限的思考和多彩的遠(yuǎn)景,而且在伏爾泰稱之為"難以滿足企求了解中國(guó)的渴望"的18世紀(jì),也可以說它們?cè)诖呱鷨⒚删裥纬珊痛偈古f制度崩潰過程中發(fā)揮了不可取代的作用�！吨袊�(guó)通典》全書分上、下篇。上篇講述構(gòu)成中華帝國(guó)十五省、韃靼地區(qū)、島嶼、從屬國(guó)的地理地貌、主要城市、人口、民族、水陸交通、地方物產(chǎn)、自然歷史、動(dòng)植物、中醫(yī)藥草藥村等。下篇講述最近到達(dá)歐洲的有關(guān)中國(guó)的新知識(shí),內(nèi)容涉及中國(guó)政府、統(tǒng)治權(quán)力、文武官員、武裝力量、軍隊(duì)紀(jì)律、法律、城市治安、宗教、習(xí)俗、語(yǔ)言、文學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)生活、科學(xué)技術(shù)等。《中國(guó)通典》較之《中華帝國(guó)全志》突出體現(xiàn)了作者的獨(dú)立思想和觀點(diǎn),他依據(jù)中國(guó)人的村料和經(jīng)過考證的文獻(xiàn)資料,反對(duì)與駁斥某些偏激作家恣意鄙夷中國(guó)和"中國(guó)人的謊言"與不實(shí)之詞,批駁了當(dāng)時(shí)甚囂塵上的中國(guó)人起源于埃及人說,稱中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)始于國(guó)家建立之時(shí),贊揚(yáng)中國(guó)有數(shù)不勝數(shù)的醫(yī)學(xué)用書,"當(dāng)前沒有任何一個(gè)國(guó)家能自詡有他們?nèi)绱斯爬系尼t(yī)學(xué)傳統(tǒng)","即便中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)家不是解剖家,也不是哲學(xué)家,但他們的脈搏學(xué)和草藥學(xué)足以讓歐洲行家吃驚"。格魯賢可謂西方18世紀(jì)少有的知華派學(xué)者。《中國(guó)通典》被譯成多國(guó)文字,多次再版,被譽(yù)為"最重要的耶穌會(huì)士科學(xué)作品",足見其廣泛而深遠(yuǎn)的歷史影響�！肚宕登瑫r(shí)期中國(guó)人口狀況》選譯自《中國(guó)通典》上篇卷四第二章(原文1785年版,第268—290頁(yè);1787年版,第397—428頁(yè))。作者在駁斥西方對(duì)中國(guó)人口的最大質(zhì)疑時(shí)語(yǔ)言樸實(shí)無華,常常不乏生動(dòng)和幽默,更令人驚嘆的是,在華的學(xué)者型耶穌會(huì)傳教士眼光銳利,考察細(xì)致入微,方法靈活周到,從宏觀和微觀方面不僅描繪了清代康乾時(shí)期中國(guó)人口的組成狀況,也提供了中國(guó)社會(huì)、城市、家庭、文武官員制度、納稅制度、男人女人、軍人平民、衙門和外委等諸方面豐富有趣的信息,對(duì)認(rèn)知中國(guó)社會(huì)的歷史狀況和特點(diǎn)很有幫助。
[Abstract]:Abbe Grosier, 1743 - 1823, followed by Duheard (Du Halde, 1674 - 1743), the second Chinese Sinologist who had a great influence on French Sinology. In 1735, he published the >[Description of the Empire of China and Chinese-tartary. Hy and History (Natural as well as Civil) of Those Countries] is the first to introduce the latest knowledge of China to the Europeans; the Chinese code, published in 1785, not only inherits the content of Zahed's works, but also enables it to update the content in 50 years, and also has its own personal innovation. A special catalogue, he reassembled and refines the achievements of his predecessors, and deliberately received the latest knowledge of the latest arrival in Europe, such as the "M moires concerncmt Les Sciences et les arts des Chinois", the last batch of Jesus men who still stayed in the Beijing. < < China's common code >1785 Edition. It was a great success, reprinted in the same year, translated into English and Italian, and then issued several times separately. In 17851787 and 1818 - 1820, there were three independent texts; in 1788 and 1789, the English and German versions were introduced in London and Leipzig, and the English versions were republished in 1895. Thus, the Chinese Empire, Hird's "the whole of the Chinese Empire" In France, in France, they not only provided a rich village for the occurrence and development of French Sinology, a broad village, infinite thinking and colorful vision in France, but also called Voltaire in France. The eighteenth Century, "difficult to meet the desire to know China", can also be said to have played an indispensable role in the birth of the spirit of enlightenment and the process of the collapse of the old system. The whole book of China is divided into fifteen provinces, Tatar areas, islands, geographical features, major cities, and people from the country. Oral, ethnic, water and land transportation, local property, natural history, animal and plant, traditional Chinese medicine and herbal medicine village. The next part tells the new knowledge about China, which has recently arrived in Europe, including the Chinese government, ruling power, civil and military officials, armed forces, military discipline, law, city and public order, religion, custom, language, literature, economic life, science and technology, etc. According to the Chinese people's village material and the textual documents, he objected and refutes some extreme writers' disdain for China and the "Chinese lies" and the false words, and refutes the Chinese people who were on the ground from the Egyptians. Chinese medicine begins with the establishment of the country, praising China's numerous medical books. "No country can claim to have such an old medical tradition". "Even if Chinese physicians are not dissected or philosophers, their pulse science and herbal medicine are enough to surprise European experts." guru is the 18 West. There were few scholars of the Chinese School in the century. The Chinese code was translated into many languages and was reprinted on many times. It was praised as "the most important Jesus science works". He saw its extensive and far-reaching historical influence. "The state of Chinese population in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty > selected translation from the Chinese code > second chapters (268th to 290 pages in the original 1785 edition; 1787 edition, third). 97 - 428 pages). The language is unadorned when the writer refutes the greatest challenge to the Chinese population in the West. It is often vivid and humorous. It is more surprising that the scholar Jesus in China has a sharp, meticulous, flexible approach and a macroscopic and microcosmic depiction of the Chinese population in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty. It also provides rich and interesting information about Chinese society, city, family, civil and military official system, tax system, men and women, military civilians, Yamen and outside Committee, which is helpful to recognize the historical situation and characteristics of Chinese society.
【作者單位】： 北京外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)法語(yǔ)系;
【分類號(hào)】：K207.8;K249
本文編號(hào)：2172059
[Abstract]:Abbe Grosier, 1743 - 1823, followed by Duheard (Du Halde, 1674 - 1743), the second Chinese Sinologist who had a great influence on French Sinology. In 1735, he published the >[Description of the Empire of China and Chinese-tartary. Hy and History (Natural as well as Civil) of Those Countries] is the first to introduce the latest knowledge of China to the Europeans; the Chinese code, published in 1785, not only inherits the content of Zahed's works, but also enables it to update the content in 50 years, and also has its own personal innovation. A special catalogue, he reassembled and refines the achievements of his predecessors, and deliberately received the latest knowledge of the latest arrival in Europe, such as the "M moires concerncmt Les Sciences et les arts des Chinois", the last batch of Jesus men who still stayed in the Beijing. < < China's common code >1785 Edition. It was a great success, reprinted in the same year, translated into English and Italian, and then issued several times separately. In 17851787 and 1818 - 1820, there were three independent texts; in 1788 and 1789, the English and German versions were introduced in London and Leipzig, and the English versions were republished in 1895. Thus, the Chinese Empire, Hird's "the whole of the Chinese Empire" In France, in France, they not only provided a rich village for the occurrence and development of French Sinology, a broad village, infinite thinking and colorful vision in France, but also called Voltaire in France. The eighteenth Century, "difficult to meet the desire to know China", can also be said to have played an indispensable role in the birth of the spirit of enlightenment and the process of the collapse of the old system. The whole book of China is divided into fifteen provinces, Tatar areas, islands, geographical features, major cities, and people from the country. Oral, ethnic, water and land transportation, local property, natural history, animal and plant, traditional Chinese medicine and herbal medicine village. The next part tells the new knowledge about China, which has recently arrived in Europe, including the Chinese government, ruling power, civil and military officials, armed forces, military discipline, law, city and public order, religion, custom, language, literature, economic life, science and technology, etc. According to the Chinese people's village material and the textual documents, he objected and refutes some extreme writers' disdain for China and the "Chinese lies" and the false words, and refutes the Chinese people who were on the ground from the Egyptians. Chinese medicine begins with the establishment of the country, praising China's numerous medical books. "No country can claim to have such an old medical tradition". "Even if Chinese physicians are not dissected or philosophers, their pulse science and herbal medicine are enough to surprise European experts." guru is the 18 West. There were few scholars of the Chinese School in the century. The Chinese code was translated into many languages and was reprinted on many times. It was praised as "the most important Jesus science works". He saw its extensive and far-reaching historical influence. "The state of Chinese population in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty > selected translation from the Chinese code > second chapters (268th to 290 pages in the original 1785 edition; 1787 edition, third). 97 - 428 pages). The language is unadorned when the writer refutes the greatest challenge to the Chinese population in the West. It is often vivid and humorous. It is more surprising that the scholar Jesus in China has a sharp, meticulous, flexible approach and a macroscopic and microcosmic depiction of the Chinese population in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty. It also provides rich and interesting information about Chinese society, city, family, civil and military official system, tax system, men and women, military civilians, Yamen and outside Committee, which is helpful to recognize the historical situation and characteristics of Chinese society.
【作者單位】： 北京外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)法語(yǔ)系;
【分類號(hào)】：K207.8;K249
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