本文選題：約翰·密爾　切入點：社會改造思想　出處：《南京大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：約翰·斯圖亞特·密爾是英國近代著名思想家,他的思想涉及政治、經(jīng)濟、倫理、邏輯、宗教等諸多領(lǐng)域,并且多有建樹。他的《論自由》被認為是“至今關(guān)于個人自由的最經(jīng)典論述”；他的《功利主義》發(fā)展和完善了邊沁等人建立的功利主義倫理體系,將功利主義推向鼎盛；他的《邏輯學(xué)體系》試圖推翻亞里士多德的演繹推理法,創(chuàng)立了邏輯學(xué)領(lǐng)域著名的“穆勒五法”。密爾的社會改造思想便在他對眾多理論的研究中孕育而生。 密爾從小所受的教育使他異常關(guān)注現(xiàn)實問題,很早就將改造世界,為整個人類謀福利作為自己的人生目標(biāo)。在密爾所處的時代,工業(yè)革命使英國走上了工業(yè)化的道路,促進了經(jīng)濟的飛速發(fā)展,也使英國的社會結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生巨大的變化。資產(chǎn)階級和無產(chǎn)階級登上歷史舞臺,推動英國政治的多次變革,也促使各階級之間的斗爭不斷涌現(xiàn),社會內(nèi)部的各種矛盾和斗爭激化和暴露出來。密爾強烈的現(xiàn)實關(guān)懷使他在理論研究的同時,注重探尋解決社會問題的方案,而社會改造思想就是他為解決實際問題提出的藥方。因此,密爾的社會改造思想是理論聯(lián)系實際的產(chǎn)物,有著深刻的理論淵源。 功利主義是密爾社會改造思想的理論基礎(chǔ)。功利主義強調(diào)將最大幸福原理當(dāng)做道德基礎(chǔ)的信條,認為行為的對錯與它們增進幸福或造成不幸的傾向成正比。個人追求更高級的幸福就是要獲得自我的發(fā)展和完善。而個人追求幸福必須與社會整體利益相一致,從而實現(xiàn)最大多數(shù)人的最大幸福,達到整個社會的進步。密爾的自由觀關(guān)注的是社會自由,即探討社會所能合法施用于個人的權(quán)利的性質(zhì)和限度。密爾強調(diào)個人自由的重要性,將個性與發(fā)展等同,認為只有個性才能將人類自身帶到他們所能做到的最好的東西,使個人和社會都能得到最大發(fā)展。如果說密爾的功利主義關(guān)注的是促進整個社會進步的最大多數(shù)人的最大幸福,那么密爾的自由主義思想則讓他更加重視個人的自由發(fā)展。歐洲大陸的新政治、經(jīng)濟學(xué)說為密爾的社會改造思想注入新鮮的血液。通過對圣西門學(xué)派政治經(jīng)濟學(xué)的研究,密爾開始關(guān)心下層勞動階級,關(guān)注社會的生產(chǎn)和分配,并且不斷修正自己的政治經(jīng)濟學(xué)理論使之更加有利于解決實際問題；通過對托克維爾民主學(xué)說的學(xué)習(xí)與研究,密爾開始認識到民主制的優(yōu)點和劣勢,使他在后期代議制政府思想的構(gòu)建中注意發(fā)揮民主制的優(yōu)點,并且規(guī)避民主制下的諸多弊端；通過發(fā)展和完善孔德的實證主義學(xué)說,密爾深化了自己的進步觀,將個人自由和社會進步放在同等重要的位置。 在理論研究的基礎(chǔ)上,密爾結(jié)合實際問題,提出他的社會改造的理想藍圖。政治上實行代議制民主政治,立法、行政和司法各司其職,互不干涉,充分發(fā)揮各自的優(yōu)勢避免各自可能出現(xiàn)的危險,使參與原則和勝任原則得到完美的結(jié)合,突顯民主制的優(yōu)越性。為此,密爾分別探討了代議制政府的議會如何改革和完善,政府干預(yù)的合理界限以及司法獨立如何貫徹,以使代議制政府成為完善政府的最理想類型。經(jīng)濟上主張既實行合作制又保留競爭的經(jīng)濟制度。通過合伙經(jīng)營既消除了傳統(tǒng)的雇傭關(guān)系,又促進了社會財富的不斷增長和人民生活水平的不斷提高。而競爭則是當(dāng)前必不可少的刺激物,激勵勞動者發(fā)揮自己的長處,努力促進生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展。通過改良私有財產(chǎn)制度,使私有財產(chǎn)制度能夠發(fā)揮自己應(yīng)有的優(yōu)勢。通過把生產(chǎn)規(guī)律和分配規(guī)律加以區(qū)別,指出國家可以通過調(diào)節(jié)分配來改變社會資本的歸屬,促進整個社會的平等和進步。思想文化上重視旨在促進民眾智識提高和道德改善的教育。密爾認為,人類的進步不僅僅意味著財富的增長,更重要的是民眾智識的提高和道德觀念的改善。而要實現(xiàn)廣大民眾智識的提高和道德觀念的改善,唯一可依賴的就是教育,只有教育發(fā)生變革,人民的思想和道德觀念才能發(fā)生普遍的更新,繼而產(chǎn)生出適合社會發(fā)展的政治、經(jīng)濟和社會制度。 本文試圖以個人發(fā)展和社會進步作為密爾社會改造思想的主線,以分析密爾社會改造思想的理論淵源為切入點,理清密爾思想發(fā)展的脈絡(luò),深入認識密爾社會改造思想產(chǎn)生的緣由和理論基礎(chǔ)。繼而重點論述密爾社會改造思想的一系列具體的方案,突出個人發(fā)展和社會進步在密爾社會改造思想中的地位。最后結(jié)合密爾所處的時代背景和密爾自身思想的演變簡要評述密爾社會改造思想的性質(zhì)和地位。希望通過對密爾社會改造思想系統(tǒng)的考察與分析,為我們呈現(xiàn)出一個更加清晰和完整的密爾形象。
[Abstract]:John Stuart Mil is a famous modern British thinker. His ideology involves politics, economy, ethics, logic, religion and other fields, and many achievements. His "theory of freedom > is considered" date on personal freedom of the most classic exposition "; his" utilitarianism "development and perfection of the utilitarianism ethics system established by Bentham et al that will push his utilitarianism peak; < > system of logic deduction trying to overthrow Aristotle, founded the field of logic the famous" Muller school ". He thought of the social transformation in his theory in many research on the breeding and health.
Mills have education made him very realistic concern, early will transform the world, the welfare of his life as the goal for the whole mankind. The era of the industrial revolution in Milwaukee, the British embarked on the road of industrialization, promote the rapid development of the economy, the social structure of Great Britain the change of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The stage of history, to promote the many changes of British politics, but also promote the class struggle between the emerging, various contradictions and struggles within the society and the intensification of exposed. In reality made him strong concern in theoretical research, focusing on exploring solutions for social problems, and he is thinking of social transformation to solve the actual problems of prescription. Therefore, he thought of the social transformation is the result of theory and practice, has profound theoretical origin.
Utilitarianism is the theoretical basis in social transformation theory emphasizes the principle of utilitarianism. The greatest happiness as the moral foundation of the doctrine that the act is right or wrong and they increase happiness or cause the unfortunate tendency is proportional to the pursuit of personal happiness. More advanced is to achieve self development and perfection. And the individual pursuit of happiness must be consistent with the whole society of interest, so as to realize the greatest happiness of most people, to achieve the progress of the whole society. In view of freedom is concerned with social freedom, is to explore the nature and limits of society can applied to individual legal rights. He stressed the importance of individual freedom, individuality and development will be equal, that only can be human beings with personality to the best of what they can do, so that people and society could get the maximum development. If the mill's utilitarianism is concerned with promoting the whole The greatest happiness of social progress of most people, then the mill's liberal thoughts let him pay more attention to the free development of the individual. The new politics of Europe, the economic theory of social transformation and inject fresh blood to the mill thought. Through the study of Saint Simon School of political economy, he began to care about the lower class. Pay attention to the production and distribution of the society, and constantly revised his political economics theory to make it more conducive to solve practical problems; through the study and research of Tocqueville's democratic theory, he began to realize the democracy of the advantages and disadvantages, the advantages of democracy in his attention to play in the late construction idea of representative government, and to avoid many disadvantages of democracy; to develop and improve the theory of Comte's positivism, he deepens your view of progress, personal freedom and social Progress is placed in an equal position.
On the basis of theoretical research, in combination of the practical problems, put forward his ideal blueprint of social transformation. The implementation of the political democracy and political, legislative, administrative and judicial duties, mutual non-interference, give full play to their respective advantages to avoid the risk of each possible, the participation and the principle of equal principle of the perfect combination, highlight the superiority democracy. Therefore, he discussed the parliamentary representative government how to reform and perfect, reasonable boundaries of government intervention and how to carry out the judicial independence, in order to improve the most representative government become the ideal type of government. That not only to implement cooperation system and keep competitive economy. Through the partnership not only eliminates the traditional employment relationship, and promote the growth of social wealth and the improvement of people's life. The competition is an important stimulus, An incentive for workers to play to their strengths, efforts to promote the development of production. Through the improvement of the system of private property, the private property system to play advantage. The laws of production and distribution of distinction, pointed out that the state can be adjusted to change the distribution of social capital ownership, promote social equality and attach importance to ideological progress. The culture to promote public intellectual and moral education. To improve the improvement of mill thinks, human progress not only means the growth of wealth, more important is to improve the public intellectual and moral ideas to improve. In order to realize the general public to improve intellectual and moral improvement, only can rely on is education. Only education change, people's ideological and moral concepts to the general update, and for the social development of the political, economic and social system.
This paper attempts to personal development and social progress as the main line in social transformation theory, based on the theoretical origins analysis mill social transformation theory as the breakthrough point, clarify the development of mill line of thought, understanding in social transformation thought the reasons and theoretical basis. Then focuses on a series of specific programs in social reform ideas. Outstanding personal development and social progress in the social transformation in the mill. At last, combined with the status of ideological evolution briefly thought of the social transformation in the background of mill and mill own ideological nature and status. Through investigation and analysis of the mill's thinking of social transformation system, showing a more clear and complete mill the image for us.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D091

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相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 李宏圖;;改革開放以來的西方思想史研究[J];史學(xué)月刊;2009年05期

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本文編號：1697993