本文選題：兩漢 + 察舉　； 參考：《魯東大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：策對(duì)是漢代的一種選官制度，是察舉制的一部分。漢代皇帝遇到難以解決的重大問(wèn)題時(shí)，或?qū)δ承﹩?wèn)題疑惑不解時(shí)，便會(huì)下詔要求大臣舉薦人才，之后皇帝會(huì)親自策問(wèn)，以尋求賢能、征詢方略，最后通過(guò)評(píng)定對(duì)策文來(lái)定賢能的高下，并且授官。其中，被舉者以對(duì)策成文的形式，書面回答皇帝策問(wèn)的內(nèi)容。這便是策對(duì)的大體過(guò)程。策對(duì)詔書中一般包涵舉主、科目和策問(wèn)內(nèi)容。有資格向皇帝舉薦人才者被稱為舉主，一般為二千石左右的高級(jí)官吏或諸侯王。科目限定了舉薦人才的種類，，科目名稱的修飾性大于其限定性，策對(duì)中的科目也被稱為察舉的特科。察舉制度中，孝廉、茂才被稱為歲舉或常舉。策對(duì)相對(duì)于歲舉而言比較靈活多變，舉主、科目等不固定，也不定期舉辦，所以一般被稱為特舉。 本文以傳世文獻(xiàn)為基礎(chǔ)，并在充分吸收己有學(xué)術(shù)成果的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)漢代策對(duì)制度的形成和演變加以論述，并分析其產(chǎn)生以及變化的原因。本文認(rèn)為，策對(duì)制度的產(chǎn)生和演變與中國(guó)古代政治制度的變化、漢代君主的天人觀念有極大的關(guān)系。策對(duì)制度產(chǎn)生的思想根源是漢代君主對(duì)自己出身以及皇權(quán)的合理性缺乏自信，有隨時(shí)被上天剝奪皇權(quán)的恐懼感，鑒于此，他們便急于尋求人才，以輔助統(tǒng)治。武帝時(shí)，董仲舒用天人感應(yīng)思想詮釋天人之間的關(guān)系，認(rèn)為災(zāi)異源自于君主的統(tǒng)治失誤，災(zāi)異的的出現(xiàn)是上天對(duì)君主的遣告。自此，漢代君主對(duì)天人感應(yīng)已深信不疑，災(zāi)異成為他們最畏a�、琢`斃杞鈒z的問(wèn)題。正因?yàn)槿绱�，武帝前后的策�?duì)有一次重大的變革。武帝之后，皇帝在詔書中便明確策問(wèn)內(nèi)容，簡(jiǎn)化了策對(duì)步驟；在策問(wèn)內(nèi)容上，皇帝多策問(wèn)災(zāi)異；在對(duì)策文中，被舉者多將災(zāi)異引向君主的政治失誤。 策對(duì)制度中，君主策問(wèn)的內(nèi)容、限定的舉主、察舉的科目，被舉者就君主策問(wèn)所置的對(duì)策文，不僅反映了兩漢不同時(shí)期的政治狀況，同時(shí)也反映出兩漢思想的發(fā)展演變以及對(duì)策者本人的思想。 策對(duì)制度以文取人的考試方法被逐步的應(yīng)用到整個(gè)察舉制度中，東漢影響歲舉，西晉應(yīng)用于秀才考試，到后來(lái)的科舉制也是延用以文取人的考試方法。 通過(guò)對(duì)以上問(wèn)題的研究，我們可以深入了解漢代選官制度，更好的把握漢代的歷史發(fā)展脈絡(luò)。
[Abstract]:Policy-pair is a system of selecting officials in the Han Dynasty, and it is a part of the system of inspection. When the emperor of the Han Dynasty encountered a major problem which was difficult to solve, or when he was puzzled about certain problems, he issued a decree asking the minister to recommend a talented person, and then the emperor himself would ask for advice in order to seek wisdom and consult the general plan. Finally, through the evaluation of countermeasures to determine the superior, and to award officials. Among them, the selected in the form of countermeasures, written answer to the content of the emperor. This is the general process of the right policy. The policy on the Dahir generally covers the subject, subject and content of the question. Qualified to recommend talents to the emperor known as the master, generally about 2,000 stone senior officials or kings. The subject defines the category of the recommended talents, the modification of the subject name is more than its qualification, and the subject in the policy pair is also called the special subject of inspection. In the system of inspection, Xiao Lian and Mao Mao are called "New year's feasts" or "often held". The policy is more flexible and changeable relative to the new year, such as subject, subject and so on, so it is generally called special. On the basis of the documents handed down, and on the basis of fully absorbing the academic achievements, this paper discusses the formation and evolution of the system of the Han Dynasty's policy, and analyzes the causes of its emergence and change. This paper holds that the emergence and evolution of the policy on the system is closely related to the changes of the ancient Chinese political system and the concept of heaven and man of the monarch of the Han Dynasty. The ideological root of the policy to the system is the Han Dynasty monarch's lack of confidence in his origin and the reasonableness of the imperial power, and the fear of being deprived of the imperial power by heaven at any time. In view of this, they are eager to seek talents to assist the rule. When Emperor Wu, Dong Zhongshu interprets the relationship between heaven and man with the thought of "Heaven and Man", and thinks that the disaster difference originates from the misrule of the monarch, and the appearance of the disaster difference is the aphorism of heaven to the monarch. Since then, the Han Dynasty monarchs have been convinced of the nature and man, and the disaster has become their most feared a 19 to kill Qi Qianz problem. Because of this, the policy before and after Emperor Wu had a major change. After Emperor Wu, the emperor made it clear in the imperial edict that the content of the policy question was clear and simplified the steps of the policy response; in the content of the policy question, the emperor asked more questions about the disaster, and in the text of the policy, most of the people cited led the disaster difference to the monarch's political mistakes. In the policy response system, the content of the monarch's policy, the limited subject of the title, the subject of examination, and the policy papers of the selected person on the question of the monarch not only reflect the political situation in different periods of the Han Dynasty, but also reflect the political situation of the two Han dynasties. At the same time, it also reflects the development and evolution of the Han thought and the thought of the countermeasure. The examination method of policy to the system is gradually applied to the whole examination system. The Eastern Han Dynasty influenced the year, the Western Jin Dynasty applied to the examination of the scholar, and the later imperial examination system also extended the examination method of using the text to get the person. Through the study of the above problems, we can deeply understand the system of selecting officials in the Han Dynasty and better grasp the historical development of the Han Dynasty.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：魯東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：D691.42;K234

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本文編號(hào)：1918538