發(fā)布時間：2018-05-05 14:45

  本文選題：柑橘 + 明清時期�。� 參考：《南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：浙江地區(qū)氣候溫暖濕潤,柑橘栽培歷史悠久,柑橘品種繁多。早在三國時期,浙江境內(nèi)就有柑橘的確切記載,唐宋時期浙江柑橘栽培面積擴大,種類增多,柑橘品性佳良。南宋時期《橘錄》所載柑橘品種和栽培技術,體現(xiàn)了這一時期柑橘種植的興盛。明清時期浙江柑橘栽培進一步發(fā)展,主要體現(xiàn)在柑橘栽培空間的廣泛,柑橘品種的繁盛,柑橘栽培與加工技術的進步和完善,柑橘商品化經(jīng)營的發(fā)展,柑橘種植經(jīng)濟效益的提高,柑橘市場的廣大,柑橘包裝與運輸技術的發(fā)達。 明清時期浙江柑橘栽培地域比唐宋時期更廣大,浙江境內(nèi)十一個府都有柑橘的栽培,其中發(fā)展最為顯著的是金華府和處州府。而從總體空間分布看,溫臺衢杭是浙江省最主要的柑橘生產(chǎn)區(qū)域。同時我們從明清地方志所記載各府縣境內(nèi)的柑橘品種,可以看出柑橘栽培的空前盛況,柑橘品種在空間分布上有較大的發(fā)展。比如,明清時期柚的種植在空間上有很大的發(fā)展。 明清時期浙江柑橘種植的品種比唐宋時期更加的繁多,浙江新出現(xiàn)或引進的品種有,金彈,佛手柑,香圓,甜橙,早橘,朱橘,漆碟紅。其中宋元時期沿承下來的枳、羅浮、金豆、枸櫞、抽、酸橙、香橙、黃橘、乳橘、蜜橘、綠橘、甌柑、洞庭柑等品種,在明清時期繼續(xù)發(fā)展,栽培區(qū)域不斷擴大。 明清時期浙江柑橘品種繁多,出現(xiàn)了一些地方名優(yōu)品種。如富陽王洲蜜橘、溫州乳柑、臺州乳橘、衢州朱橘、塘棲蜜橘、定海金柑。其中富陽王洲蜜橘、溫州乳柑,唐宋時期已聞名于世,發(fā)展到清代逐漸衰落。臺州乳橘自唐代發(fā)展至今,一直是臺州的優(yōu)良柑橘品種。衢州朱橘、塘棲蜜橘、定海金柑是明清時期新發(fā)展的地方優(yōu)良品種。明清時期衢州朱橘和塘棲蜜橘由于品性佳良,栽培興盛,這兩種品種一直持續(xù)發(fā)展至今。定海金柑發(fā)展至民國時期走向衰落。地方名優(yōu)品種的栽培,對柑橘種植業(yè)意義重大。柑橘品性佳良,是占據(jù)市場的關鍵。 明清時期浙江柑橘的栽培技術,在沿用宋元栽培技術的基礎上,有著不同程度的發(fā)展和提高。柑橘栽培技術的發(fā)展,主要表現(xiàn)在嫁接繁殖上,新增了以枳作嫁接柑橘的砧木；在肥料種類上,增加了動物性肥料和茅灰；在防害蟲方法上,創(chuàng)造了用火焚蟲和撒蠣灰除蟲的方法。對于柑橘的貯藏方法,明清時期,浙江地區(qū)新運用了豆藏法和缸藏法。明清時期浙江人民對柑橘的加工利用,在承襲前人的基礎上,也創(chuàng)造了具有浙江地區(qū)特色的橘蜜、蟹釀橙、橘豉。 明清時期浙江柑橘栽培商品化程度不斷提高,在浙江主栽培區(qū)普遍出現(xiàn)了以種橘為生的橘戶,還出現(xiàn)了專門的橘市。種植柑橘經(jīng)濟效益高,農(nóng)民種植柑橘獲取收益來充交賦稅,還出現(xiàn)了因種橘而致富的橘戶,柑橘的種植面積不斷擴大,甚至出現(xiàn)了上萬畝的橘田。柑橘生產(chǎn)商品化的發(fā)展,還表現(xiàn)在浙江柑橘市場的廣大與運輸?shù)陌l(fā)達。浙江柑橘的市場主要有杭州、蘇州、京師。水路運輸和陸路運輸是主要的運輸方式,水路包括內(nèi)河運輸和海路運輸。杭州是省內(nèi)省外的轉(zhuǎn)運中心,蘇州是北上的轉(zhuǎn)運中心。
[Abstract]:Zhejiang region has a warm and humid climate, a long history of citrus cultivation and a wide variety of citrus. Early in the Three Kingdoms period, there were exact records of Citrus in Zhejiang. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the cultivated area of citrus was enlarged, the species increased, the citrus quality was good. The citrus varieties and cultivation techniques contained in the Southern Song period "tangerine" were reflected in this period of citrus planting. The further development of citrus cultivation in Zhejiang during the Ming and Qing Dynasties is mainly reflected in the extensive cultivation of citrus, the prosperity of citrus varieties, the progress and perfection of citrus cultivation and processing technology, the development of Citrus commercialization, the improvement of Citrus economic benefits, the vast citrus market, and the developed packaging and transportation technology of citrus.
The citrus cultivation region in Zhejiang in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was larger than that of the Tang and Song dynasties. The eleven prefectures in Zhejiang had citrus cultivation. Among them, the most significant development was the Jinhua mansion and the prefecture government. From the overall spatial distribution, Wentai Quzhou and Hangzhou were the most important citrus production areas in Zhejiang province. At the same time, we recorded the county territory from the local chronicles of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Citrus varieties can be seen in the unprecedented growth of citrus cultivation, and the spatial distribution of citrus varieties has been greatly developed. For example, the planting of pomelo in the Ming and Qing dynasties had a great development in space.
The varieties of Citrus planted in Zhejiang in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were more varied than the Tang and Song dynasties. The new or imported varieties in Zhejiang were gold, citrus, orange, orange, citrus, and saucer red. Among them, the varieties along the song and Yuan Dynasties were orange, orange, orange, orange, orange, orange, orange, orange, orange, orange, citrus, oranges, Dongting citrus and other varieties The period of the Qing Dynasty continued to develop, and the cultivation area was expanding.
There are many varieties of Citrus in Zhejiang during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as Fuyang Wang Zhou tangerine, Wenzhou oranges, Taizhou oranges, Quzhou jukkumquat, Tangqi tangerine orange, and Dinghai kumquat. Fuyang Wang Zhou tangerine and Wenzhou oranges are famous in the Tang and Song Dynasties and gradually declined in the Qing Dynasty. The Taizhou is a stage since the Tang Dynasty, and has been a platform since the Tang Dynasty. The fine citrus varieties in the state. Quzhou citrus, Tangqi tangerine and Dinghai kumquat are the best local varieties in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the two varieties of citrus and tangerines in Quzhou were continuously developed to the present. Citrus planting is of great significance. Citrus quality is the key to occupy the market.
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the cultivation techniques of Citrus in Zhejiang were developed and improved on the basis of the cultivation techniques of the song and Yuan Dynasties. The development of citrus cultivation technology was mainly shown in the grafting breeding, and the rootstock was added to the grafted citrus with trifoliate orange; in the type of fertilizer, the animal fertilizer and the ash were added; the method of pest control was created. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the processing and utilization of the citrus and the processing and utilization of Citrus in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were used in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the processing and utilization of Citrus in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, on the basis of the predecessors, also created the orange honey, crab, orange, and fermented orange with the characteristics of the Zhejiang region.
The commercialization of citrus cultivation in Zhejiang in the Ming and Qing Dynasties increased continuously. In the main cultivated areas of Zhejiang, there were common tangerine growers in the main cultivated areas of Zhejiang, and a special orange city appeared. The commercialized development of citrus production is also shown in the vast market of citrus and transportation in Zhejiang. The main market of Citrus in Zhejiang is Hangzhou, Suzhou, and Beijing teacher. Waterway transportation and land transportation are the main modes of transportation. The waterways include inland and sea transportation. Hangzhou is the transport center of the province outside the province. Suzhou is a transport center on the north.

【學位授予單位】：南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K248;S666

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