本文選題：宋代 + 常平倉(cāng)��； 參考：《揚(yáng)州大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：西漢宣帝年間,就已經(jīng)在北部邊遠(yuǎn)的地區(qū)設(shè)置常平倉(cāng),后幾經(jīng)興廢。到了宋代,常平倉(cāng)有了更顯著的發(fā)展。 宋代常平倉(cāng)的設(shè)置遍布了全國(guó)各地。太宗淳化三年,常平倉(cāng)只是作為一種平抑糧價(jià)的臨時(shí)性機(jī)構(gòu),設(shè)置在京城四門。真宗景德三年才真正推廣開來(lái),遍布京東、京西、河北、河?xùn)|、陜西、淮南、江南、兩浙等全國(guó)大部分地區(qū)。仁宗康定年間,常平倉(cāng)的設(shè)置在宋境大部分地區(qū)才算是真正落實(shí)。同時(shí),常平倉(cāng)的設(shè)置還遍布于宋代的路、州、縣三級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)。神宗時(shí)期,常平倉(cāng)有了新的發(fā)展,主要是將常平倉(cāng)充作青苗本錢借貸給民戶。其間,就常平倉(cāng)是否單一實(shí)行青苗斂散有過(guò)反復(fù)爭(zhēng)論,最終常平倉(cāng)保留了半糴糶、半斂散的狀態(tài)。哲宗即位之初,高太后掌權(quán),起用保守派。元yP元年二月,罷青苗法,常平倉(cāng)糴糶舊法得以單行,但同年四月,朝廷又重行常平斂散之法,并且收息要低于熙豐時(shí)期。元yP元年八月,又經(jīng)朝中保守派建議,最終決定廢除青苗法,回復(fù)常平舊法。哲宗親政之后,重行新法,常平倉(cāng)回到了半糴糶、半斂散的元豐舊態(tài)。元符三年,常平倉(cāng)出糶與放貸迭加配合,有了新的發(fā)展。此后直到北宋滅亡,常平倉(cāng)的變化不大。南宋時(shí)期,關(guān)于常平斂散的存廢有一番曲折,直到建炎二年,加諸在常平倉(cāng)上的青苗法得以最終廢除。此后,南宋常平倉(cāng)基本上沒有太大的波動(dòng)。 宋代十分重視倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)建設(shè),尤其是常平倉(cāng),更有相關(guān)的職官機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)倉(cāng)體的管理、維護(hù)和運(yùn)行。宋代常平倉(cāng)在不同時(shí)期的管理機(jī)構(gòu)不盡相同,并從中央到地方發(fā)生了較大變化。常平倉(cāng)在設(shè)立之初,中央并沒有相應(yīng)的管理機(jī)構(gòu)。真宗前期,朝廷開始命司農(nóng)寺專管；大中祥符年間改由三司提領(lǐng)。神宗熙寧時(shí)期,王安石變法后常平倉(cāng)又轉(zhuǎn)歸司農(nóng)寺主管；元豐行新官制,常平倉(cāng)事宜則轉(zhuǎn)歸戶部右曹主管。南宋初期,仍由戶部右曹管理。至于地方的常平倉(cāng)則主要由各路提舉常平司主管,當(dāng)中也發(fā)生了些許變化,如北宋初期并無(wú)提舉常平司機(jī)構(gòu)；南宋時(shí)罷提舉常平司歸提點(diǎn)刑獄司,還曾一度歸經(jīng)制司主管,后將提舉常平司與提舉茶鹽司合并為提舉常平茶鹽司等等。顯而易見,兩宋常平倉(cāng)管理機(jī)構(gòu)的變更相當(dāng)頻繁。其中,最引人注目的是設(shè)于北宋王安石變法時(shí)期的提舉常平司制度,它當(dāng)時(shí)的全稱為“提舉常平廣惠倉(cāng)兼農(nóng)田水利差役事”。它既是地方行政機(jī)構(gòu),又是路級(jí)監(jiān)察體制的重要組成部分,無(wú)論對(duì)宋代政治體制改革還是經(jīng)濟(jì)文化發(fā)展均起到了重要作用。 宋代常平倉(cāng)相較于歷代常平倉(cāng)而言,其功能也更加多樣化。除了本有的平糴平糶功能之外,還增加了新的內(nèi)容,如常平本充作青苗法貸本、支為軍用、興修水利、修筑城寨、鎮(zhèn)壓夷變、上供國(guó)庫(kù)、救濟(jì)流民、消盜賊、助育兒、貸糧種、養(yǎng)乞丐、設(shè)政區(qū)、賑降人、援旁郡等等類似濟(jì)世惠民的新職能,這在一定程度上反映了宋代統(tǒng)治者的“恤民”思想。 宋代常平倉(cāng)的發(fā)展過(guò)程中也存在一些問題,導(dǎo)致時(shí)人后世對(duì)常平倉(cāng)有諸多批判。常平倉(cāng)的弊端主要有：常平錢糧遭到挪用；官吏管理不善；常平倉(cāng)本身制度存在漏洞等等。朝廷也多次頒布法令,規(guī)范官員行為來(lái)解決這些問題。
[Abstract]:During the reign of Emperor Wu of the West Han Dynasty , a common silo had been set up in the area far from the northern side , and after several years of prosperity , there had been a more significant development in the Song Dynasty .

During the reign of Emperor Taizong , the Standing Committee decided to abolish the old law in the Song Dynasty . At the same time , the Standing Committee decided to abolish the old law in the Song Dynasty . At the same time , the Standing Committee decided to abolish the old law in the Song Dynasty .

The Song Dynasty paid great attention to the construction of the warehouse , especially the ordinary warehouse , and the relevant functional officer was responsible for the management , maintenance and operation of the warehouse . The common storehouse in the Song Dynasty varied from the central to the place .
During the period of Emperor Xianning , Wang Anshi changed the law , and returned to the head of the Commander - in - chief .
In the early period of the Southern Song Dynasty , Cao Cao , the head of the head of the household , still managed by Cao Cao , the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head .
At the time of the Southern Song Dynasty , it was suggested that the Changping Division should be referred to the prison division and once belonged to the chief executive of the Division . After that , it was obvious that the changping division of the two Song Dynasty was quite frequent . Among them , the most notable change was established in the period of Wang Anshi in the Northern Song Dynasty . It was called the " Tiao Changping Guanghang and Farmland Water Conservancy " . It is both a local administrative institution and an important part of the road level monitoring system . It plays an important role in the political system reform in the Song Dynasty or the development of economic and cultural development .

In addition to the Pinggu Ping ' s functions , new contents are added . In addition to the Pinggu Ping ' s functions , new functions are added , such as Changpingben as the loan book of Qinghai - Miao Law , for military , building and water conservancy , building a city camp , suppressing the barbarian , feeding the treasury , helping the homeless people , relieving the thief , helping the child , lending the grain , supporting the beggar , setting up a political zone , relieving the relief , assisting the county , etc . , and so on , which reflects the " T - people " thought of the rulers of the Song Dynasty .

There are some problems in the development of Chang ' an in the Song Dynasty , which has led to a lot of criticism to the common silo in the later generations of Song Dynasty .
Officials are poorly managed ;
There is a flaw in the common silo ' s own system , and the imperial court has also issued decrees many times to regulate official acts to solve these problems .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：揚(yáng)州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D691;K244

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