【摘要】：地處我國西北邊陲的新疆伊犁地區(qū),被稱之為“塞上江南”。但由于近年來伊犁地區(qū)水土資源不合理的利用,致使伊犁地區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境逐漸惡化,十分脆弱。錫伯渠水利基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的建設(shè)及由此進行的農(nóng)業(yè)開發(fā),對察縣生態(tài)環(huán)境帶來了一定的影響�？偨Y(jié)歷史經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn),為積極應(yīng)對當(dāng)前察縣所面臨的生態(tài)環(huán)境問題及促進察縣地區(qū)經(jīng)濟健康持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重要的借鑒意義。文章以伊犁察縣歷史上農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展為線索,以察縣水利工程錫伯渠為考察對象,對其自清代修建至今進行的農(nóng)業(yè)開發(fā)與察縣的生態(tài)環(huán)境影響進行了分析及討論。首先對伊犁察縣的概況及錫伯族進駐這一區(qū)域后的生活狀況做了簡要闡述。在此基礎(chǔ)上,具體對錫伯渠建設(shè)的原因、資金來源、施工情況及規(guī)模、清代和民國時期錫伯渠建設(shè)產(chǎn)生的生態(tài)效益進行了分析。進而對建國以來尤其是改革開放以后錫伯渠的修繕、現(xiàn)代化改造的原因、施工安排、資金來源及其產(chǎn)生的生態(tài)影響做了進一步討論。最后獲得以下結(jié)論。(1)清代和民國時期,錫伯渠水利基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的開發(fā)對當(dāng)時當(dāng)?shù)氐纳鷳B(tài)環(huán)境帶來了積極的影響。加強了對自然災(zāi)害的抵御能力;擴大了植被覆蓋率;促使察縣地區(qū)農(nóng)牧皆宜生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的形成;提高了伊犁地區(qū)的環(huán)境承載能力;同時也推動了整個天山北麓地區(qū)綠洲景觀的出現(xiàn)。(2)建國以來錫伯渠水利工程的修繕及改革開放以后錫伯渠的現(xiàn)代化改造,給察縣地區(qū)帶來了很好的生態(tài)效益。擴大了察縣地區(qū)的植被面積;鹽堿地得到改善;區(qū)域小氣候得到改善;防洪抗旱能力提高。但伴隨著農(nóng)業(yè)機械化水平的提高,錫伯渠水利設(shè)施的修繕,進而進行的大規(guī)模開墾,這種過度農(nóng)業(yè)開發(fā)在提高古老灌區(qū)農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量的同時,對伊犁河南岸生態(tài)環(huán)境也產(chǎn)生了一些負面的影響。出現(xiàn)土壤次生鹽澤化、草場嚴(yán)重退化、土地土質(zhì)沙漠化及水土流失嚴(yán)重等問題。綜上,結(jié)合錫伯渠水利工程建設(shè)的歷史經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn),為當(dāng)今建設(shè)生態(tài)察縣,促進察縣地區(qū)經(jīng)濟健康持續(xù)發(fā)展提出了一些現(xiàn)實對策。
[Abstract]:Located in the northwest border of our country, Xinjiang Yili area is called "the south of the Yangtze River". However, due to the unreasonable utilization of soil and water resources in Yili area in recent years, the ecological environment in Yili area is gradually deteriorating and very fragile. The construction of water conservancy infrastructure in Xibo canal and the agricultural development have brought some influence to the ecological environment of the county. Summing up the historical experience and lessons, it is of great significance for us to deal with the ecological environmental problems and to promote the healthy and sustainable development of economy in the county. Taking the development of agricultural economy in the history of Yili County as the clue, taking Xibo Canal, a water conservancy project in Za County, as the object of investigation, this paper analyzes and discusses the agricultural development and the ecological environmental impact of the county since the construction of the Qing Dynasty. First of all, the general situation of Yili County and the living conditions of Xibe people in this area are briefly described. On this basis, the causes, sources of funds, construction situation and scale of Xibo canal construction, and ecological benefits of Xibo canal construction in Qing Dynasty and Republic of China were analyzed in detail. Further discussion has been made on the repair of Xibo Canal since the founding of the people's Republic of China, especially after the reform and opening up, the reasons for modernization, the construction arrangement, the source of funds and its ecological impact. Finally, the following conclusions are obtained: (1) during the Qing and the Republic of China, the development of water conservancy infrastructure in Xibo canal had a positive impact on the local ecological environment at that time. It has strengthened the resilience to natural disasters, expanded vegetation coverage, promoted the formation of suitable agro-pastoral ecosystem in Cha County, and improved the environmental carrying capacity of Yili area. At the same time, it also promoted the emergence of the oasis landscape in the northern foothills of Tianshan Mountain. (2) since the founding of the people's Republic of China, the water conservancy project in Xibo Canal and the modernization of Xibo Canal since the reform and opening up have brought good ecological benefits to the area of Chaxian County. The vegetation area of Chaxian area was enlarged, the saline-alkali land was improved, the regional microclimate was improved, and the ability of flood control and drought resistance was improved. However, with the improvement of agricultural mechanization, the renovation of water conservancy facilities in Xibo Canal, and the large-scale reclamation, this kind of excessive agricultural development not only increases the crop yield in ancient irrigation areas, It also has some negative effects on the ecological environment of the south bank of the Yili River. Problems such as secondary salinization of soil, serious degradation of grassland, desertification of land and serious soil erosion and so on. In summary, combining with the historical experience and lessons of water conservancy construction in Xibo Canal, some practical countermeasures are put forward for constructing ecological inspection county and promoting the healthy and sustainable development of economy in this area.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：新疆師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：TV67;K29

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