沖撞與演進(jìn):中國(guó)景頗社會(huì)百年探究
本文關(guān)鍵詞: 景頗 社會(huì) 沖撞 演進(jìn) 認(rèn)同 出處:《云南大學(xué)》2010年博士論文 論文類型:學(xué)位論文
【摘要】: 利奇的《上緬甸諸政治體制:克欽社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)之研究》(Political Systems of Highland Burma----A Study of Kachin Social Structure)一書使得景頗族/克欽族成為人類學(xué)界研究的經(jīng)典民族,研究景頗社會(huì)的人類學(xué)、社會(huì)學(xué)家、歷史學(xué)家代不乏人,研究成果層出不窮。 回望研究中國(guó)景頗社會(huì)歷史的進(jìn)程,不難發(fā)現(xiàn)研究著述多側(cè)重于景頗社會(huì)簡(jiǎn)史、景頗族文化生活、景頗族風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣以及類似于導(dǎo)游冊(cè)子的景頗族簡(jiǎn)介,而有深度的專題研究則較難尋覓,尤其是研究近現(xiàn)代景頗社會(huì)政治變遷、文化趨同、生存危機(jī)等方面的著述極少,有的也只是政府相關(guān)部門和非政府組織所做的有關(guān)吸毒、艾滋病方面的調(diào)查和分析。 本論文在利奇、王筑生、何翠萍等學(xué)者研究的基礎(chǔ)上,以中國(guó)云南省德宏傣族景頗族自治州山區(qū)的景頗族為例,探討景頗族作為中國(guó)邊疆少數(shù)民族在國(guó)家一體化格局下的社會(huì)變遷以及在外來文化和現(xiàn)代化沖擊下所面臨的問題,并對(duì)中國(guó)人口較少民族的發(fā)展提出個(gè)人的思考,以期對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)界在景頗族社會(huì)現(xiàn)狀研究方面的欠缺和疏漏有所補(bǔ)益。 數(shù)年來研究的艱辛使我明白為什么這是一個(gè)幾乎無人問津的領(lǐng)域。為著一個(gè)看似遙不可及卻又勢(shì)在必達(dá)的目標(biāo),我不懈地向前探索。這個(gè)目標(biāo)就是在學(xué)術(shù)上有所創(chuàng)獲的同時(shí),也能從實(shí)際上幫助景頗族和其他少數(shù)民族既能享受政治上的平等、社會(huì)上的民主,又能追求物質(zhì)經(jīng)濟(jì)上的小康和精神文化上的愉悅。 本論文的主要觀點(diǎn)是: 1.本論文將百年來景頗社會(huì)歷史分為“山官制度”(1950年以前)、“政治改革”(1950年至1980年)、“村民自治”(1980年至2010年)三個(gè)階段。當(dāng)然,“村民自治”也是“政治改革”,但是,它和1950年開始的政治改革的最大不同是,它不再是“以階級(jí)斗爭(zhēng)為綱”的自上而下的政治運(yùn)動(dòng),而是以“發(fā)展就是硬道理”為導(dǎo)向的發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)改善生活的“扶貧富民”工程。 2.本論文對(duì)“山官制度”做了新的探討。自從20世紀(jì)50年代在景頗社會(huì)的調(diào)查開始,幾乎所有的資料都認(rèn)為解放前景頗社會(huì)蓄奴現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生和盛行,認(rèn)為高黎貢山西南部地區(qū)發(fā)展成了奴隸占有制,所有的景頗“貢薩督”山官都成為了奴隸主山官。在文獻(xiàn)研究、田野作業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)上,本文提出景頗“山官”并非奴隸主,而是參加勞動(dòng)、自食其力、享有特權(quán)的部落酋長(zhǎng)。酋長(zhǎng)是部落的首領(lǐng),其權(quán)利是部落全體成員賦予的。重大事務(wù)由集體討論決定,其特權(quán)并非是強(qiáng)制的掠奪,而是其為公眾服務(wù)而得到公眾自覺自愿的犒賞。正因?yàn)槿绱?1950年以后在景頗族地區(qū)沒有采取疾風(fēng)暴雨的土地改革運(yùn)動(dòng),而是實(shí)行和平協(xié)商的“直接過渡”政策。 3.本論文對(duì)1950年至1980年間景頗地區(qū)開展的大躍進(jìn)、兩次人民公社化、政治邊防等運(yùn)動(dòng)做了分析,指出其危害、探討其根源,總結(jié)其教訓(xùn)。強(qiáng)調(diào)指出:黨的任何一項(xiàng)政策的實(shí)施都必須實(shí)事求是,必須建立在群眾的覺悟水平和發(fā)展生產(chǎn)的基礎(chǔ)之上,不能為著領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的功利,不顧社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力水平,不顧民眾意愿,強(qiáng)制民眾做有損于民眾利益的各種政績(jī)工程。 4.論文著重論述中國(guó)景頗族社會(huì)實(shí)踐村民自治的情況和效果以及在這過程中遇到的問題和挑戰(zhàn),探討解決的途徑。這是對(duì)景頗族社會(huì)村民自治情況的首次學(xué)術(shù)考察和討論。論文更多地注重村民自治的社會(huì)功能與價(jià)值取向,盡管研究尚欠深入,討論不夠充分,但字里行間表達(dá)筆者對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)問題的理性關(guān)懷。 5.論文正視在外來文化和現(xiàn)代化浪潮的沖擊下景頗地區(qū)出現(xiàn)的一系列問題:生態(tài)環(huán)境的惡化,傳統(tǒng)文化的斷裂,貧富差距的擴(kuò)大,道德水準(zhǔn)的下滑等;本文特別注意景頗社會(huì)在毒品、艾滋病浸入后景頗民族面臨的生存危機(jī)。論文針對(duì)解決這一系列問題的對(duì)策所提出的建議也許有些稚嫩,但呼吁全社會(huì)的關(guān)注、尋求全社會(huì)的幫助,這無疑是當(dāng)前緊迫的舉措。 6.論文論述了景頗婚姻制度在近現(xiàn)代以來的變遷。景頗的姑舅表兄妹優(yōu)先婚,姑爺種和丈人種的傳統(tǒng)婚姻體系,在現(xiàn)代化的浪潮中被沖刷殆盡,代之而起的是跨民族、跨地區(qū)、跨國(guó)境的婚姻。論文首次探討景頗社會(huì)跨民族、跨地區(qū)、跨國(guó)境婚姻的形成與利弊。 7.論文論述了60年來在中華人民共和國(guó)體制內(nèi)景頗族作為中華民族56個(gè)民族的一員,從相對(duì)封閉的狀態(tài)下走向開放與發(fā)展的途徑,在60年的發(fā)展中形成了中華民族的認(rèn)同、強(qiáng)化了中華人民共和國(guó)的認(rèn)同。民族認(rèn)同與國(guó)家認(rèn)同不僅關(guān)系到民族團(tuán)結(jié)進(jìn)步與國(guó)家統(tǒng)一昌盛,更重要的是景頗民族在國(guó)家認(rèn)同中得以和平安定、蒸蒸日上的現(xiàn)實(shí)和未來期待。
[Abstract]:Burma Zhucheng's "political system: a study of the Kachin social structure (Political Systems of Highland > Burma----A Study of Kachin Social Structure) a book made Jingpo Kachin / become research anthropology classic national anthropological research, Jingpo society, social scientists, historians on behalf of many people, research results emerge in an endless stream.
Review of studies on China Jingpo society historical process, it is not difficult to find the research works mainly focus on the Jingpo social history, Jingpo cultural life, Jingpo nationality customs and similar to the guidebook of Jingpo introduction, research and depth is more difficult to find, especially the research of modern Jingpo social and political change, cultural convergence. In terms of survival crisis and other writings are some of the only relevant government departments and non-governmental organizations have done about drugs, investigation and analysis of AIDS.
In this paper, leech, Wang Zhusheng, He Cuiping and other scholars, based on the research in Yunnan Province, Chinese Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture mountain Jingpo nationality as an example, to explore the Jingpo as social change of ethnic minorities in the borderland Chinese national integration pattern and in the face of foreign culture and modernization under the impact of the problem, and put forward personal thinking the development of ethnic minorities with less population China, in order to benefit the drawbacks and loopholes in current research of the Jingpo society of academic circles.
Study on the number of years of hard so I understand why this is a field. For almost No one shows any interest in a seemingly impossible but necessary as the goal, I explore the tireless forward. This goal is. In the academic, at the same time, also can actually help the Jingpo nationality and other ethnic minorities can enjoy the political equality, social democracy, and the pursuit of material economic well-off and cultural spirit of pleasure.
The main points of this paper are as follows:
This paper will be 1. hundred years of Jingpo social history is divided into "mountain officer system" (before 1950), the "political reform" (1950 to 1980), "villager autonomy" (1980 to 2010) three stages. Of course, "villager autonomy" and "political reform", but their biggest difference and 1950 start of the political reform, it is no longer the "class struggle" top-down political movement, but with the development of economy "development is the hard truth" as the guidance to improve the lives of poor and rich people ".
2. this paper makes a new study on the "mountain officer system". Since the survey started in 1950s in the Jingpo society, almost all the data that a slave society liberation prospect phenomenon has already emerged and prevailed, that high Li southwest development into Gongshan slave owning system, all of the Jingpo Gonsar Du "" Shan Guan became slave mountain officer. Based on literature research, on the base of field, this paper ching-p'o "Shan Guan" is not the slave labor, but, in his privileged tribe. The chief is the chief of the tribe, the rights of all members of the tribe is endowed with important affairs to discuss the decision. By the collective, the privilege is not forced to plunder, but its reward for public service and public willing. Because of this, after 1950 in jingponationality areas did not take the land reform movement of the violent storm, It is a "direct transition" policy for peaceful consultations.
This paper is to carry out 3. areas from 1950 to 1980, the landscape of the great leap forward, the two people's communes, border and other political movement to do the analysis, points out its harm, explore its causes, summing up the lessons. Points out that any implementation of a policy of the party must be realistic, must be based on the political consciousness of the masses the level of development and production base, not for the leader of the utilitarian, regardless of the level of social productivity, regardless of the wishes of the people, people do have a variety of compulsory performance engineering damage to the interests of the people.
4. papers focused on the situation and effect of Chinese Jingpo society the practice of villagers autonomy and encountered in the process of the problems and challenges, to find solutions. This is the first case of Jingpo society villagers academic investigation and discussion. The social function and value orientation of the paper pays more attention to the villagers' autonomy, although the research is not deep enough. The discussion is not sufficient, but between the lines expressed the concern for the reality of rational social problems.
The 5. face a series of problems in the foreign culture and modernization under the impact of the Jingpo area: the deterioration of the ecological environment, breaking the traditional culture, the widening gap between rich and poor, the decline in moral standards; we pay special attention to the Jingpo society in the face of AIDS drugs, in the background of national survival crisis is proposed. According to a series of measures to solve this problem that maybe some immature, but called for the attention of the whole society, seek the help of the whole society, this is the current urgent measures.
6. this paper discusses changes of Jingpo marriage system in modern Jingpo. The aunts and cousins preferred marriage, a kind of master and father-in-law traditional marriage system, was washed away in the wave of modernization, replaced by the cross national, cross regional, cross-border marriage. For the first time to investigate the Jingpo society cross national, regional, and the formation of the pros and cons of cross-border marriage.
7. this paper discusses the 60 years in the People's Republic of China system interior Jingpo people as a member of the Chinese nation 56 nation, way to open and develop from a relatively closed state, in 60 years of development in the formation of the Chinese national identity, to strengthen People's Republic of China's identity. Ethnic identity and national identity is not only related to the nation unity and progress and national prosperity, more important is the Jingpo nation to peace and stability in the national identity on the upgrade, the reality and future expectations.
【學(xué)位授予單位】:云南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】:博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2010
【分類號(hào)】:K28
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