李鴻章與晚清條約研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-28 15:45
【摘要】：自鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以后,近代中國(guó)在國(guó)際關(guān)系中出現(xiàn)了一種新的交往模式,即條約關(guān)系。在列強(qiáng)的武力脅迫之下,中國(guó)被迫訂立了一系列不平等條約。而李鴻章自1870年出任直隸總督掌管晚清外交以來(lái),中外重大條約交涉幾乎都與他有關(guān)。在眾多的條約交涉活動(dòng)中,李鴻章形成了比較系統(tǒng)的條約思想。 文章分緒論、正文、結(jié)語(yǔ)三部分。 緒論部分主要介紹了選題的緣起,學(xué)術(shù)史回顧,并在現(xiàn)有研究基礎(chǔ)上構(gòu)建了本文的結(jié)構(gòu)、指出了本文的創(chuàng)新與不足,并對(duì)所涉及的核心概念進(jìn)行了界定。 正文部分共七章。第一章考察了李鴻章條約活動(dòng)的思想基因,其中華夷秩序到條約體系的轉(zhuǎn)變是李鴻章條約交涉的時(shí)代背景,而傳統(tǒng)文化的浸潤(rùn)與近代外交觀(guān)念的汲取是其條約思想形成的思想因子。傳統(tǒng)文化的積淀給予了李鴻章息事懷柔、誠(chéng)信待人的條約策略合理內(nèi)核,近代外交理念則為李鴻章條約交涉中實(shí)施以理為據(jù)提供了斗爭(zhēng)手段。兩種外交理念的交織不可避免會(huì)使李鴻章條約交涉行為及思想打上新舊雜糅的印記。第二章主要探討了李鴻章對(duì)條約關(guān)系認(rèn)同的四個(gè)階段,即19世紀(jì)60年代以前的金帛議和,羈縻懷柔；19世紀(jì)70年代的羈縻勿絕,恪守條約；19世紀(jì)80年代的援例訂約,追求平等；19世紀(jì)90年代及以后的放棄宗藩,謹(jǐn)守約章。四個(gè)階段體現(xiàn)了李鴻章從傳統(tǒng)訂約思想到條約公法思想的轉(zhuǎn)變。第三章、第四章則對(duì)李鴻章在晚清的主要訂約類(lèi)型進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的梳理與考察。第五章探討了李鴻章以“誠(chéng)信”為前提、以“力保和局”為目的、以增強(qiáng)國(guó)民守約意識(shí)為舉措的“謹(jǐn)守約章”思想。這一條約思想,深刻體現(xiàn)了李鴻章與清政府對(duì)條約體系在近代國(guó)際交往中不可抗逆性的接受與調(diào)適。第六章主要通過(guò)1867年李鴻章所上《籌議修約事宜折》,闡述了李鴻章以自強(qiáng)為基礎(chǔ)的修約觀(guān)。并對(duì)李鴻章因國(guó)而異的修約原則,徐圖緩之的修約方法以及成效甚微的修約實(shí)踐進(jìn)行了一定程度的闡釋。第七章主要涉及復(fù)雜局勢(shì)下李鴻章條約交涉的方略,如以理為據(jù)、惟力是視、區(qū)別對(duì)待、以夷制夷、情感溝通。 結(jié)語(yǔ)部分則結(jié)合歷史人物評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),李鴻章在晚清條約交涉中的地位以及對(duì)晚清外交轉(zhuǎn)型的推動(dòng)等方面對(duì)李鴻章的評(píng)價(jià)進(jìn)行了再思考,得出了李鴻章條約交涉屈辱是其對(duì)條約、公法的過(guò)分依賴(lài),對(duì)列強(qiáng)本質(zhì)認(rèn)識(shí)不清的結(jié)果,更是時(shí)代的局限、國(guó)力的孱弱、體制窒礙的結(jié)果。
[Abstract]:Since the Opium War, a new mode of communication has emerged in modern China's international relations, namely treaty relations. Under the coercion of the powers, China was forced to conclude a series of unequal treaties. Since Li Hongzhang became governor of Zhili in 1870 in charge of late Qing diplomacy, most of the major treaty negotiations between China and foreign countries were related to him. In many treaty negotiation activities, Li Hongzhang formed a relatively systematic treaty idea. The article is divided into three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The introduction mainly introduces the origin of the topic, the review of academic history, and on the basis of existing research, constructs the structure of this paper, points out the innovation and shortcomings of this paper, and defines the core concepts involved. There are seven chapters in the text. The first chapter examines the ideological genes of the Li Hongzhang treaty activities. The transformation from the Chinese barbarian order to the treaty system is the background of the Li Hongzhang treaty negotiation. The infiltration of traditional culture and the absorption of modern diplomatic ideas are the ideological factors of the formation of his treaty thought. The accumulation of traditional culture gives Li Hongzhang the reasonable core of the treaty strategy of treating people in good faith, while the modern diplomatic concept provides a means of struggle for the implementation of reason in the negotiation of Li Hongzhang treaties. The interweaving of the two diplomatic concepts will inevitably make the negotiation behavior and thought of Li Hongzhang treaty a mixture of old and new. The second chapter mainly discusses the four stages of Li Hongzhang's recognition of treaty relations, that is, the gold and silk negotiation before the 1860s, the Jimi Huairou, the Jimi in the 1870s, and the agreement between the treaty and the aid contract in the 1880s. The pursuit of equality was the abandonment of the Suzerain in the 1890s and beyond, and the observance of the Charter. The four stages reflect the transformation of Li Hongzhang from traditional contracting to treaty public law. Chapter three, Chapter four systematically combs and inspects the main contracting types of Li Hongzhang in late Qing Dynasty. The fifth chapter discusses the idea of "keeping the covenant", which is based on the premise of "good faith", the purpose of "keeping peace" and the action of strengthening the national consciousness of keeping the covenant. This treaty thought deeply embodies the acceptance and adjustment of Li Hongzhang and Qing government to the irreversibility of the treaty system in modern international communication. The sixth chapter expounds Li Hongzhang's view of treaty revision based on self-strengthening by Li Hongzhang in 1867. It also explains the different principles of Li Hongzhang, Xu Tuzhi's method and the practice of treaty revision with little effect. The seventh chapter mainly deals with the general plan of Li Hongzhang treaty negotiation under complex situation, such as taking reason as the basis, giving full attention to it, treating it differently, leveling barbarians and communicating with emotion. The conclusion part combines with the evaluation standard of historical figures, the position of Li Hongzhang in the treaty negotiation of the late Qing Dynasty and the promotion of diplomatic transformation in the late Qing Dynasty. The conclusion is that the humiliation of Li Hongzhang treaty negotiation is its treaty. The over-dependence of public law and the result of unclear understanding of the nature of the powers are the result of the limitation of the times, the weakness of national strength and the hindrance of the system.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K252
本文編號(hào)：2150764
[Abstract]:Since the Opium War, a new mode of communication has emerged in modern China's international relations, namely treaty relations. Under the coercion of the powers, China was forced to conclude a series of unequal treaties. Since Li Hongzhang became governor of Zhili in 1870 in charge of late Qing diplomacy, most of the major treaty negotiations between China and foreign countries were related to him. In many treaty negotiation activities, Li Hongzhang formed a relatively systematic treaty idea. The article is divided into three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The introduction mainly introduces the origin of the topic, the review of academic history, and on the basis of existing research, constructs the structure of this paper, points out the innovation and shortcomings of this paper, and defines the core concepts involved. There are seven chapters in the text. The first chapter examines the ideological genes of the Li Hongzhang treaty activities. The transformation from the Chinese barbarian order to the treaty system is the background of the Li Hongzhang treaty negotiation. The infiltration of traditional culture and the absorption of modern diplomatic ideas are the ideological factors of the formation of his treaty thought. The accumulation of traditional culture gives Li Hongzhang the reasonable core of the treaty strategy of treating people in good faith, while the modern diplomatic concept provides a means of struggle for the implementation of reason in the negotiation of Li Hongzhang treaties. The interweaving of the two diplomatic concepts will inevitably make the negotiation behavior and thought of Li Hongzhang treaty a mixture of old and new. The second chapter mainly discusses the four stages of Li Hongzhang's recognition of treaty relations, that is, the gold and silk negotiation before the 1860s, the Jimi Huairou, the Jimi in the 1870s, and the agreement between the treaty and the aid contract in the 1880s. The pursuit of equality was the abandonment of the Suzerain in the 1890s and beyond, and the observance of the Charter. The four stages reflect the transformation of Li Hongzhang from traditional contracting to treaty public law. Chapter three, Chapter four systematically combs and inspects the main contracting types of Li Hongzhang in late Qing Dynasty. The fifth chapter discusses the idea of "keeping the covenant", which is based on the premise of "good faith", the purpose of "keeping peace" and the action of strengthening the national consciousness of keeping the covenant. This treaty thought deeply embodies the acceptance and adjustment of Li Hongzhang and Qing government to the irreversibility of the treaty system in modern international communication. The sixth chapter expounds Li Hongzhang's view of treaty revision based on self-strengthening by Li Hongzhang in 1867. It also explains the different principles of Li Hongzhang, Xu Tuzhi's method and the practice of treaty revision with little effect. The seventh chapter mainly deals with the general plan of Li Hongzhang treaty negotiation under complex situation, such as taking reason as the basis, giving full attention to it, treating it differently, leveling barbarians and communicating with emotion. The conclusion part combines with the evaluation standard of historical figures, the position of Li Hongzhang in the treaty negotiation of the late Qing Dynasty and the promotion of diplomatic transformation in the late Qing Dynasty. The conclusion is that the humiliation of Li Hongzhang treaty negotiation is its treaty. The over-dependence of public law and the result of unclear understanding of the nature of the powers are the result of the limitation of the times, the weakness of national strength and the hindrance of the system.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K252
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