【摘要】：貧富差距的逐年擴大,引發(fā)了諸多的社會問題。有些地方甚至出現了“仇富”“仇官”等極端社會心態(tài),引起了政府管理者和學者們的密切關注。針對這一問題,已有不少研究證明,當個體對貧富差距做出外部歸因傾向時,就會產生更多的不公平感和相對剝奪感,進而產生極端心態(tài),成為影響社會安定和諧的潛在因素。而階層心理學的研究發(fā)現,社會階層較低的個體更傾向于對現實的貧富差距問題做外部歸因,即更多的將這種貧富差距歸結為是社會制度、機會不平等或者歧視等外部原因。由此,處于較低社會地位的群體,他們更有可能感知到現實的不公,進而引起一些極端的社會心態(tài)。因此,低階層民眾對貧富差距的歸因更應當引起重視和關注。了解低階層民眾對貧富差距外歸因的內在機制不僅能夠完善階層心理學的相關理論,而且從實際意義上來說,也有助于為社會管理制定適宜的政策提供有價值的參考。本文建立在階層心理學理論和心理資本干預的理論上,通過三個研究從實證的角度對低階層貧富差距外歸因傾向的問題進行了探討。具體來說,首先通過調查的方式了解低階層群體貧富差距的歸因傾向。接著,采用干預實驗進一步探究了心理資本對低階層外歸因傾向的影響及其中介作用機制。研究1a采用問卷法,以湖北高校的537名高低不同階層的大學生為被試,調查結果表明：與高社會階層相比,低社會階層的心理資本水平更低,控制感水平更低,且傾向于對貧富差距進行外歸因。心理資本對低階層大學生群體貧富差距外歸因傾向的影響受到控制感的中介作用。研究lb采用問卷法,在不同省份抽取典型的低階層成人被試作為研究對象,低階層被試371人(職業(yè)為產業(yè)工人、商業(yè)服務人員、保潔員、客服員,且主觀階層得分在4分及以下),男性被試185名,女性被試186名。研究結果表明：控制感在心理資本與貧富差距外歸因傾向之間起中介作用。研究二采用實驗干預法,以77名低階層大學生為被試。其中實驗組38名,進行心理資本干預；控制組39名,不進行心理資本干預。研究結果表明,經過心理資本干預后的低階層被試,其心理資本水平顯著上升,控制感水平顯著上升,且貧富差距的外歸因傾向顯著下降,控制感在其中起到中介作用�？偟膩碚f,該研究結果說明了低階層個體的更偏好將貧富差距問題歸結為是制度、背景等外部原因。為了緩解這種貧富差距的外歸因傾向,我們可以通過心理資本干預提升低階層個體的心理資本水平,包括自我效能、希望、樂觀和韌性,從而提升低階層個體的貧富差距的外歸因傾向,最終可以幫助低階層個體,減少外歸因,增加內歸因。
[Abstract]:The widening gap between the rich and the poor has caused many social problems. In some places, extreme social attitudes, such as hatred against the rich and officials, have aroused the close attention of government administrators and scholars. In view of this problem, many studies have proved that when the individual makes an external attribution tendency to the gap between the rich and the poor, it will produce more sense of injustice and relative deprivation, and then produce extreme mentality, and become a potential factor affecting social stability and harmony. However, the research of stratum psychology found that the individuals with lower social stratum tend to make external attribution to the real problem of the gap between the rich and the poor, that is to say, the gap between the rich and the poor is more attributed to the external reasons such as social system, unequal opportunity or discrimination. As a result, groups in lower social status are more likely to perceive real injustice and cause some extreme social attitudes. Therefore, the attribution of low-class people to the gap between rich and poor should be paid more attention and attention. Understanding the internal mechanism of the low class people's attribution to the gap between the rich and the poor can not only perfect the relevant theories of stratum psychology, but also help to provide valuable reference for social management to formulate appropriate policies in practical sense. Based on the theory of stratum psychology and the intervention of psychological capital, this paper probes into the problem of the tendency of attribution outside the gap between the rich and the poor in the lower class from the perspective of three empirical studies. Specifically, first of all, through the way of investigation to understand the low-class groups of the gap between rich and poor attribution tendency. Then, the influence of psychological capital on low-level extraordinarily attributional tendency and its mediating mechanism are further explored by intervention experiment. In the first year of the study, 537 college students from different social classes in Hubei province were investigated by questionnaire. The results showed that the psychological capital level and the control sense level of the lower social class were lower than those of the high social class. And tend to the gap between the rich and poor external attribution. The influence of psychological capital on the external attribution tendency of the low class college students is mediated by the sense of control. The study of lb used questionnaire method to select typical low-class adult subjects in different provinces as the study subjects, the low-class participants (occupation for industrial workers, business service personnel, cleaning staff, customer service workers, workers, There were 185 male and 186 female subjects. The results show that the sense of control plays an intermediary role between psychological capital and the external attribution tendency of the gap between the rich and the poor. In the second study, 77 low-class college students were selected as subjects by experimental intervention. There were 38 cases in the experimental group and 39 cases in the control group. The results show that after the intervention of psychological capital, the level of psychological capital increases significantly, the level of sense of control increases significantly, and the external attribution tendency of the gap between the rich and the poor decreases significantly, in which the sense of control plays an intermediary role. In general, the results show that the lower class individuals prefer to attribute the gap between the rich and the poor to institutional, background and other external reasons. In order to alleviate this tendency of extrinsic attribution of the gap between the rich and the poor, we can raise the level of psychological capital of the lower class individuals through psychological capital intervention, including self-efficacy, hope, optimism and resilience. So as to promote the low class individual's tendency of external attribution of the gap between the rich and the poor, it can ultimately help the low class individual, reduce the external attribution and increase the internal attribution.
【學位授予單位】：華中師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：B848.3

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